EU의 경제 강압 규정에 대한 국제법적 고찰
Assessing the EU's Economic Coercion Regulation through the International Law Perspective
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초록
2023년 6월 EU차원의 경제 강압(economic coercion) 규정의 세부 내용이 확정되었다. 본고는 2023년 6월 공개된 문안으로 바탕으로 해당 규정의구조와 주요 내용을 살펴보고, 이러한 새로운 조치의 국제법적 의의를 고찰해보고자 한다. 오늘날 경제 제재(economic sanction), 경제 강압(economic cercion)과같은 비우호적인 일방조치가 국제법의 절차적 취약점을 보완하고, 국제법을 보다 효율적으로 만들기 위해 활발하게 활용되고 있는 것이 현실이다. 통상 및 투자관련 조치들을 수반하는 경제 강압과 경제 제재는 비무력적 수단으로 상대국에게 경제적 부담을 지운다는 공통점이 존재하지만, 본질적으로 경제 강압은 공격적 수단인 반면, 경제 제재는 방어적 수단이라는 차이점이 존재한다. EU도 경제 강압 규정을 통해 자신들의 조치는 순수하게경제 억지(economic deterrent)에 대응하는 조치로, 국제법에 근거하고있음을 강조하고 있다. EU의 경제 강압 규정은 그 내용적, 구조적 측면에서 ILC 국가책임 규정초안을 상당부분 반영하고 있다는 특징이 있다. 하지만 EU의 경제 강압 규정은 주관적 내지는 자기 해석적 과정인 대항조치(countermeasure)로써, 국제공법상 다자적 이행체계를 구축하고 있는 WTO 분쟁해결기구와의 정합성 문제를 야기하고, 경제적 조치를 통한 비우호적인 일방주의를 강화한다는 측면에서 오늘날의 지경학적 시대를 반영하고 있다.
Abstract
In June 2023, the details of the EU-level economic coercion regulations were finalized. Based on the text released in June 2023, this paper aims to examine the structure and main contents of the EU’s economic coercion regulations and to consider the international legal significance of these new measures. These days, unfriendly unilateral measures, such as economic sanctions and economic coercion, are being utilized to address procedural weaknesses in international law and enhance its efficiency. Economic coercion and economic sanctions, both involving of imposing an economic burden on the target country as non-forceful means. However, there is a distinction: economic coercion is essentially an aggressive approach, while economic sanctions serve as a defensive measure. The EU underscores that the EU’s economic coercion regulation is grounded in international law. Their response to economic coercion constitutes an economic deterrent measure aimed to deterrence and not targeting any specific country. Furthermore, it emphasizes that this measure is purely reactive, rather than an expression of national security or an arbitrary decision by an authoritative leader. The EU’s economic coercion regulation is characterized by their alignment with many aspects of the draft International Law Commission (ILC) regulations on state responsibility, both in terms of content and structure. However, providing the countermeasure as the remedy, the regulation reflects the current geopolitical era, primarily functioning and relying on subjective, self-evaluating, or self-interpretative processes. And this can create challenges in terms of consistency with the World Trade Organization (WTO) Dispute Settlement Body, a multilateral forum to resolve the dispute.
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