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WTO 보복조치의 실효성에 대한 비판적 고찰

A Critical Evaluation on the Effectiveness of WTO Retaliation

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초록

WTO 체제는 DSB 판정의 이행이 원활하게 이루어지지 않을 경우 패소국의 판정이행을 촉진하고 회원국간 권리 의무의 균형을 회복하기 위한구제제도로 보복조치를 도입하고 있다. 그러나, 승소국이 요구할 수 있는구제조치가 장래효에 한정되어 제소의 실익이 적다는 점, 분쟁 당사국간무역규모나 경제력에 불균형이 있는 경우 보복조치의 이행을 통해 패소국의 판정이행을 유도하는 데에 어려움이 있다는 점, 승소국이 보복조치를취할 경우 패소국 뿐만 아니라 보복조치국도 피해를 입을 수 있기 때문에완전한 구제가 되지 않을 수 있다는 점 등 여러 문제점들이 제기된다. 이러한 보복조치제도상의 문제점과 DSB로부터 수권 승인을 받더라도실제 보복조치를 취하지 않는 경우가 많다는 현실을 감안할 때, 보복조치제도의 도입 취지에 맞게 그 실효성를 제고시킬 수 있는 방안을 강구하거나 작금의 상황을 고려하여 대안을 마련할 필요성이 제기된다고 할 수 있다. 이를 위해 본 논문에서는, 우선 WTO 분쟁해결제도로서의 보복조치에대해 살펴본 후, 보복조치 현황 및 보복조치 관련 사례에 대해 분석하고, 그 동안 논의된 보복조치제도의 문제점과 개선방안 등에 대해 검토하였다. 논의된 여러 개선방안들 중, 금전적 지급 형태의 구제 방안이 보복조치의 목적에 부합되며, 보복중재판정 이후 분쟁이 해결될 때까지 발생하는피해를 제소국이 구제받을 수 있다는 점에서 보복조치의 문제점을 해결하는 가장 현실적인 대안이 된다고 할 수 있다. 그러나, DDA 협상이 답보상태에 놓여 있고, 상소기구 기능 정지로WTO 분쟁해결기능이 약화된 현 상황에서, 피해를 구제받고 판정이행을촉구하기 위해서는 WTO 체제가 아니라 FTA 체제에서 해답을 찾는 것이훨씬 현실적이라고 생각된다. 즉, 금전적 지급 형태의 구제 방법을 FTA에직접 도입하고, 분쟁발생 시 FTA 분쟁해결제도를 적극적으로 활용함으로써 WTO 체제 내에서 제기되는 보복조치제도의 문제점을 FTA 체제 내에서 상당 부분 해결할 수 있으리라고 본다.

Abstract

The WTO system introduces retaliation as a remedy to enforce DSB’S recommendations and rulings and to restore the balance between the rights and the obligations of WTO members. However, a number of problems have been raised with regard to its implementation of WTO retaliation. First, there is a problem with free riding by a violating member because the level of retaliation is determined from the expiration of a reasonable period of time. Second, it may be ineffective when a developing country attempts to impose retaliation against a developed country because it is normally based on a country’s economic power. Third, it seems to be inadequate to bring good quality and timely compliance because retaliation increases restriction on trade, not only the violating member but also the consumers and industries of the complaining member. Given these problems in WTO retaliation and the fact that complaining members often did not take retaliation even if they were authorized by the DSB, they should devise measures to improve the effectiveness of the retaliation system To this end, this paper first examines retaliatory measures as a WTO dispute settlement system, analyzes cases related to retaliatory measures, and examines the problems in WTO retaliation and ways to improve them. Among the various measures discussed, the remedy in the form of monetary payments is in line with the purpose of retaliation, and the complainant can be compensated for damages that occur after the retaliation arbitration is resolved. It is the most realistic alternative to the solution. However, in the current situation where the DDA negotiations are virtually abandoned and the WTO dispute settlement function is weakened, it is much more realistic to find the answer in the FTA system, not in the WTO system, in order to be relieved of damages and to induce implementation. I think. In other words, it is expected that the problems of WTO retaliation raised in the WTO system can be solved within the FTA system by introducing monetary payments directly to the FTA and actively using the FTA dispute settlement system.

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