现代汉语复数标记“们”的原型范畴研究——生命性与主观化交互视角
A Study of the Prototype Category of the Plural Marker“们(men)”in Modern Chinese: Perspectives of Animacy and Subjectification
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本文以原型范畴理论为基础，系统分析了现代汉语“们”的复数标记功能，并构建了“原型—次典型—非典型”三层次模型。研究发现，“们”的用法受到生命性与主观化机制的双重影响，其语义演变呈现出“强生命性—弱主观化”向“弱生命性—强主观化”的趋势。在原型范畴中，“们”主要与指人名词搭配，如“学生们”“朋友们”，具有最高的生命性和最低的主观化程度，语法功能稳定，适应性强。在次典型范畴中，“们”扩展至动物名词，如“狗们”“猫们”，仍保留一定生命性，但主观化程度提升。在非典型范畴中，“们”进一步搭配植物、器物、抽象概念等非生命名词，如“花们”“书们”“瓜们”，主观性显著增强。综上，本文不仅揭示了“们”使用的范畴化结构和动因，也展示了其从规范语法标记向创造性语言表达的发展趋势，反映出现代汉语语法系统的动态扩展性与认知复杂性。
Abstract
This study, grounded in Prototype Theory, offers a systematic analysis of the plural marker men(们) in Modern Chinese and proposes a three-tiered semantic categorization model: core, semi-peripheral, and peripheral. The analysis reveals that the distribution and usage of men are jointly influenced by animacy hierarchy and subjectification processes. Specifically, the semantic trajectory of men evolves from high animacy with low subjectivity to low animacy with high subjectivity. In the core category, men is predominantly attached to human nouns (e.g., 学生们 “students”, 朋友们 “friends”), reflecting its prototypical usage with maximal animacy and grammatical stability. The semi-peripheral category includes non-human animate nouns such as 狗们 (“dogs”) and 猫们 (“cats”), which retain moderate animacy and show increasing levels of subjectification. In the peripheral category, men attaches to plant nouns, inanimate objects, and abstract concepts (e.g., 花们 “flowers”, 书们 “books”, 瓜们 “melons”), with usage driven primarily by rhetorical effect and subjective interpretation. By mapping the semantic expansion of men along animacy and subjectivity axes, this study highlights the dynamic interaction between grammar and cognition. The findings contribute to our understanding of grammaticalization, lexical creativity, and the evolving flexibility of plural marking in Modern Chinese.