타인에 대한 이해 -행화주의적 틀짓기-
Understanding Others -An Enactive Approach-
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이 글에서는 ‘우리는 타인의 마음을 어떻게 알 수 있는가’라는 심리철학의 해묵은 질문이 오늘날 어떻게 새롭게 조명되고 틀지어지고 있는지 고찰한다. 이 문제에 대한 기존의 답변은 마음읽기의 이론 이론(Theory Theory, 이하 TT)과 시뮬레이션 이론(Simulation Theory, 이하 ST)이었다. 이 글은 이러한 전통적 이론을 비판하고 새로운 대안을 제시하는 두 가지 입장, 즉 ‘직접적인 사회적 지각(Direct Social Perception, 이하 DSP)’을 강조하는 입장과 행화주의적 입장(enactivism)을 비교분석함으로써 후자의 장점을 조명하고 그 의의를 점검한다. DSP 견해와 행화주의적 입장은 타인의 마음을 두뇌 내적인 상태와 동일시하고 관찰 불가능한 것으로 간주하는 TT와 ST의 기본 전제에 반대한다는 점에서 공통적이다. 그러나 DSP 지지자들은 타인의 마음에 대한 직접적인 지각의 가능성에 논의의 초점을 맞추는 반면행화주의자들은 사회적 상호작용을 통해 참여적으로 의미가 생성되는 관계적 절차를 강조한다는 점에서 두 입장은 뚜렷한 차이가 있다. 행화주의는 사회인지를 개인의 인지적 역량이 아니라 사회적 상호작용으로 파악한다. 반면 DSP 견해는 사회인지를 개인의 역량으로 접근한다는 점에서 TT와 ST의 한계를 여전히 벗어나지 못한다. 이 글은 행화주의가 사회인지에서 사회적 상호작용이 갖는 중요성을 이론적으로 정립함으로써 그간 정당한 평가를 받지 못했던 사회인지의 핵심적인 특성을 논의의 초점에 가져왔다는 사실에서 행화주의의 의의를 찾는다.
Abstract
This article examines how a long-standing question in the realm of philosophy of mind—how do we know the minds of others—is being reframed and revisited today. The traditional answers to this question have been Theory Theory (TT) and Simulation Theory (ST) of mindreading. This article critiques these traditional theories and proposes two alternative positions: the perspective of direct social perception (DSP) and enactivism. The DSP view and enactivism both challenge the fundamental assumptions of TT and ST, which equate another person’s mind with an internal state of the brain and consider it unobservable. However, the two positions diverge in their focus. DSP proponents explore the possibility of direct perception of other people’s minds, whereas enactivists emphasize the relational process by which participatory sense-making is generated through social interaction. In contrast to the DSP view, which still suffers from the limitations of TT and ST in that it approaches social cognition at the level of individual cognitive capacities, enactivism views social cognition as a social interaction rather than an individual’s cognitive capacities. The significance of enactivism lies in the fact that it theorizes the importance of social interaction in social cognition, bringing a key characteristic of social cognition into the focus of discussion that has not been given due credit.
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