Sovereignty and Conceptual Change in Late Qing China
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For centuries, China had held a position as supreme political and culturalsovereign in East Asia, and the ruling idea of inter-state relations referred tothe power of the emperor ruling all-under-heaven(tianxia ô,ù). With theincursion by the European powers from the middle of the nineteenth century,the question of China’s independence and position in international relations,and her position as the supreme sovereign of East Asia were challenged inpractical politics, and with the gradual introduction of Western learning(xixue西學) new ideas and concepts for China’s international orientation wereintroduced. This article applies perspectives from conceptual history whenconsidering the translation and adaptation of concepts related to theconceptual field of‘ sovereignty’from the West. The article will show that, first,by the translation of Western literature and, later, through the native discourseof political issues, the notion of China as a sovereign and independent state ininternational affairs challenged and slowly replaced traditional interpretationsof China as a suzerain in East Asia. Chinese intellectuals gradually adoptednew conceptual and political frameworks for understanding China in the largerfamily of nations. The article claims that this shift represents one of thewatersheds, or Sattelzeit, as scholars of German Begriffsgeschichte wouldterm it, in East Asia’s historical transition to modernity.
Abstract
For centuries, China had held a position as supreme political and culturalsovereign in East Asia, and the ruling idea of inter-state relations referred tothe power of the emperor ruling all-under-heaven(tianxia ô,ù). With theincursion by the European powers from the middle of the nineteenth century,the question of China’s independence and position in international relations,and her position as the supreme sovereign of East Asia were challenged inpractical politics, and with the gradual introduction of Western learning(xixue西學) new ideas and concepts for China’s international orientation wereintroduced. This article applies perspectives from conceptual history whenconsidering the translation and adaptation of concepts related to theconceptual field of‘ sovereignty’from the West. The article will show that, first,by the translation of Western literature and, later, through the native discourseof political issues, the notion of China as a sovereign and independent state ininternational affairs challenged and slowly replaced traditional interpretationsof China as a suzerain in East Asia. Chinese intellectuals gradually adoptednew conceptual and political frameworks for understanding China in the largerfamily of nations. The article claims that this shift represents one of thewatersheds, or Sattelzeit, as scholars of German Begriffsgeschichte wouldterm it, in East Asia’s historical transition to modernity.
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