Revisiting the State–Society Relationship over Chinese History
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After the success of democracy movements in Eastern European countries around the end of the 1980s, the concept of civil society conspicuously reemerged, as the existence of a strong civil society was regarded as one of the key reasons for their success. The concept of civil society then spread beyond the Western world, and scholars in the field started to apply the concept to the analysis of Chinese society. This paper looks into the history of the state–society relationship in China. It first briefly examines the notions and characteristics of civil society and the public sphere. After that, it moves to Confucian political culture in Chinese tradition. Next, it turns to the first half of the twentieth century, which covers the late Qing and Republican periods, and introduces academic debates on how to apply the notion of civil society to better comprehend these periods and on whether one can find in China an equivalent to the elements of the Western-born civil society. Lastly, this paper turns to the PRC and rethinks the 1989 Tiananmen Movement in line with the traditional Chinese state–society relationship and the roles of intellectuals in the relationship.
Abstract
After the success of democracy movements in Eastern European countries around the end of the 1980s, the concept of civil society conspicuously reemerged, as the existence of a strong civil society was regarded as one of the key reasons for their success. The concept of civil society then spread beyond the Western world, and scholars in the field started to apply the concept to the analysis of Chinese society. This paper looks into the history of the state–society relationship in China. It first briefly examines the notions and characteristics of civil society and the public sphere. After that, it moves to Confucian political culture in Chinese tradition. Next, it turns to the first half of the twentieth century, which covers the late Qing and Republican periods, and introduces academic debates on how to apply the notion of civil society to better comprehend these periods and on whether one can find in China an equivalent to the elements of the Western-born civil society. Lastly, this paper turns to the PRC and rethinks the 1989 Tiananmen Movement in line with the traditional Chinese state–society relationship and the roles of intellectuals in the relationship.
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