Rethinking Traditional and Western Values in Late Qing China: Focusing on Zhang Binglin’s View of the Manchus and the West
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By focusing on the years between 1895 and 1911 – namely, from the end of the Sino-Japanese War to the end of the Qing dynasty – this paper aims to challenge scholarly opinions that understand late Qing China as a period of transition from tradition to modernity or, more specifically, from a traditional tianxia and culturalist worldview to a Western-imported nationalist worldview. This study investigates the complicated relationship between traditional and modern ideas by looking closely at the worldview of Zhang Binglin, a representative anti-Manchu and pro-Han revolutionary, in comparison with that of Liang Qichao, a representative late Qing reformer. First, the paper examines Liang Qichao’s Western-influenced ideas and his view of the Qing dynasty to examine the ways in which his worldview was linked to the tianxia and culturalist worldview of Chinese tradition. Then, the paper considers Zhang Binglin’s tradition-oriented view of the Manchus and the West. By focusing in particular on his anti-Manchu political stance, his support for traditional Han Chinese values, and his way of coping with Western threats, the paper analyzes how Zhang Binglin’s worldview was connected to culturalism.
Abstract
By focusing on the years between 1895 and 1911 – namely, from the end of the Sino-Japanese War to the end of the Qing dynasty – this paper aims to challenge scholarly opinions that understand late Qing China as a period of transition from tradition to modernity or, more specifically, from a traditional tianxia and culturalist worldview to a Western-imported nationalist worldview. This study investigates the complicated relationship between traditional and modern ideas by looking closely at the worldview of Zhang Binglin, a representative anti-Manchu and pro-Han revolutionary, in comparison with that of Liang Qichao, a representative late Qing reformer. First, the paper examines Liang Qichao’s Western-influenced ideas and his view of the Qing dynasty to examine the ways in which his worldview was linked to the tianxia and culturalist worldview of Chinese tradition. Then, the paper considers Zhang Binglin’s tradition-oriented view of the Manchus and the West. By focusing in particular on his anti-Manchu political stance, his support for traditional Han Chinese values, and his way of coping with Western threats, the paper analyzes how Zhang Binglin’s worldview was connected to culturalism.
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