朝鮮と日本における科挙観と中華思想－ 李退渓と室鳩巣を中心に －

Abstract

Both Cheng-Zhu scholars(朱子学者) Yi Toegye and Muro Kyuso(室鳩巣) were critical of the Imperial examination system. Yi Toegye criticized the examination system, which was haunted by career advancement and utilitarianism, and launched a campaign to establish some schools(書院) that was lagging behind in Korea compared to Ming(China), and sought the place to study Cheng-Zhu, which left the world of career advancement and utilitarianism. However, he did not deny the system itself, which originated in China. On the other hand, Muro Kyuso denied the introduction of the system, saying, “The Imperial examination system is the system that boasts knowledge and neglects virtue”, and proposed his own human resources recommendation plan by referring not only to Ming but also to the human resources appointment measures of each era in China. In the background, we can see the difference between Yi Toegye, who wants to unify himself especially in Ming(China), and Muro Kyuso, who kept a distance from China. After that, the differences between the two countries spread in the second half of the 18th century. In Korea, after the reinforcements from Ming during the invasion of Toyotomi Hideyoshi and the destruction of Ming by Qing, Petit Sinocentrism became established, and it was said that Korea is the only China. With the Chineseization, it became conscious that Chinese culture existed only in Korea. On the other hand, in Japan, Sinocentrism was almost overshadowed, and it was moving toward emphasizing the heterogeneity with China. it was decided to introduce the culture other than Cheng-Zhu School, which was the orthodox school of China, in the human resources training and promotion measures. What is different from Muro Kyuso is that Emperor and Imperial line are involved in emphasizing the heterogeneity. For Bito Jisyu(尾藤二洲), Emperor was the basis for independence from China, and for Hayashi Jussai(林述斎), the basis for preserving traditional Chinese culture in Japan was not Korea's Petit Sinocentrism, but Imperial line consciousness.