18~19세기 풀라니족의 성전과 풀라니 국가
The Fulani Jihad and Empires in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries
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초록
풀라니족은 18세기에 서(西) 아프리카의 세네감비아 지역에 푸타 잘론의 이맘국, 푸타 토로의 이맘국, 푸타 본두의 이맘국을 세웠으며, 19세기에는 동쪽으로 이동해 현재의 말리 공화국과 북부 나이지리아에 맛시나 제국과 하우사-풀라니 제국을 세웠다. 특히, 북부 나이지리아에서 우스만 단 포디오가 건국한 하우사-풀라니 제국은 중동 및 북아프리카를 포함하는 이슬람 전사(全史)에서 가장 성공적인 성전(聖戰)의 소산물이었으며, 그 초기의 목적이 이상적으로 구현된, 그리하여 그 영광의 빛이 현재까지 퇴색하지 않고 남아있는 인류사의 모범이었다. 그러나 풀라니족의 전면적 부상은 양면성을 띠고 있었다. 18세기와 19세기의 풀라니 성전은 거대한 제국들의 탄생을 초래함으로써 역내의 안정과 평화를 가져온 반면, 다른 한편으로는 서구 제국주의 세력이 팽창하는 데 일조했다. 영국과 프랑스는 서아프리카의 많은 민족을 상대할 필요가 없었으며, 대신 이미 그 지역의 패자로 등극한 풀라니족만을 통제하면 되었다. 풀라니족이나 영국인이나 둘 다 정복자였고, 각자의 목적이 크게 훼손되지 않는 한 둘 사이의 타협은 얼마든지 가능했다. 북부 나이지리아에서 하우사-풀라니 제국과 영국인 사이에 이루어진 협정은 이의 가장 고전적인 예에 속하는 것이었다.
Abstract
In the 18th century the Fulani people of West Africa established the imamate states of Futa Jalon, Futa Toro, and Futa Bondu in the Senegambia region and the surrounding areas. In the 19th century they moved eastwards and built the Massina empire in the present-day Mali and the Hausa-Fulani empire in northern Nigeria. The Hausa-Fulani empire created by Uthman Dan Fodio and his Fulani followers was one of the most successful Jihad states observed throughout the whole Islamic history including Middle East and North Africa. There were, however, two-sides to the overall emergence of the Fulani people in this period. The Fulani jihads played a certain role in accelerating the expansion of Western imperialism, whereas they contributed to the regional peace, security and stability by building great empires. England and France did not have to engage in warfare with many peoples in West Africa. Instead, they had only to conquer the Fulani states which had at that time become the regional powers of this area. The Fulani and the British, for instance, were both conquerors, and therefore a political compromise between them was fully possible in so far as they had no serious clash of interests. The treaties of the late 19th century signed by the British and the Fulani of northern Nigeria who were afraid of the French expansion were the most classical examples of this sort of compromise.
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