혼종의 신앙과 사회적 이슬람: 서아프리카 까디리야 교단의 변용과 사회적 영향

Abstract

This study investigates how the Qadiriyya order—the first Sufi brotherhood established in West Africa—was transformed, reinterpreted, and expanded within local societies. It examines the order’s evolution as a form of hybrid faith, shaped through interaction between Islamic mysticism and indigenous traditions. Tracing its development from the early integration led by Mukhtār al-Kabīr al-Kuntī through the institutionalization under Usman dan Fodio’s reform to contemporary debates over Sharia and Islamic identity, the study reveals that the Qadiriyya evolved beyond a mystical tradition into Social Islam—a moral and institutional framework embedded in communal life. The research shows that the Qadiriyya’s teachings provided not only a spiritual path but also a social function, shaping moral authority, community cohesion, and political legitimacy across time. It explores how the order’s ethical and communal principles sustained social solidarity during the colonial and postcolonial periods, demonstrating Islam’s adaptive and transformative capacity in West African contexts. In particular, the study underscores how local reinterpretations allowed the order to remain responsive to changing political structures, economic pressures, and debates over religious orthodoxy. Focusing on three dimensions—dissemination and settlement, transformation and institutionalization, and social influence and modern implications—it clarifies how Islam in West Africa operates as both a hybrid faith and a social system, reflecting the region’s history of cultural blending and religious adaptation. Ultimately, the study highlights the Qadiriyya’s enduring significance for understanding Social Islam and religious identity in contemporary West Africa, offering a foundation for further comparative research on Sufi orders in the region.