아프리카 내 대규모 자트로파 프로젝트 실패 원인 분석
Analysing the causes of the failure of large-scale jatropha projects in Africa
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아프리카에서 바이오 연료에 대한 관심과 확장은 2000년대 들어오면서 더욱 빠르게 진행되었고 이들 중 자트로파에 이목이 집중되었다. 자트로파는 2세대 바이오 연료로써 불모지에서도 자랄 수 있다. 이런 특성은 다수의 아프리카 환경에서도 재배가 가능하다는 것을 시사했고, 외부 기업들이 대규모 자트로파 프로젝트를 위해 진출하면서 2000-2008년 아프리카는 자트로파 붐을 맞이한다. 하지만 대다수의 대규모 프로젝트가 낮은 수확량을 기록했고, 특히 2008년 국제 금융위기가 외부 기업이 철수하는데 기여하면서 상당수의 프로젝트가 실패로 돌아간다. 대규모 자트로파 프로젝트 실패의 근본적 원인은 자트로파에 대한 불충분한 선행연구를 기반으로 프로젝트가 진행되었다는데 있다. 또한 자트로파 및 바이오 연료 관련 정책이나 목표가 제대로 설립되지 않은 상황에서 대규모 자트로파 프로젝트가 급속히 확장되었다는 점은 글로벌 상업 이익의 목적이 아프리카 지역 정부의 이익보다 더 큰 영향을 발휘했다는 것을 시사한다. 이런 점들을 방지하고 아프리카 국가들이 성공적인 자트로파 및 바이오 연료 생산을 위해 1) 대규모 프로젝트 진행 전 철저한 가능성 실험 및 연구가 선행되어야 하고, 2) 명확한 바이오 연료 혹은 에너지 정책을 세우며, 3) 토지 횡령 문제 등의 방지를 위해 체계적인 토지 정책 및 토지 양도 단계의 투명성을 높여야 한다.
Abstract
Jatropha is a high-quality, second-generation, non-edible biofuel source. Preliminary research findings regarding its ability to withstands droughts and grow in marginal areas encouraged international companies to invest and expand large-scale jatropha projects in Africa rapidly resulting in the ‘jatropha boom’ between 2000 and 2008. However, the decline of the projects was also rapid due to the low-yield and the global financial crisis in 2008 which forced many international biofuel companies withdraw from the continent. This paper finds that, as many large-scale jatropha expansions began before sufficient biofuel policies and targets were established by African countries, it was the global commercial interests that led to the expansion of jatropha projects rather than national and regional interests. Further, the main reason for the failure of many large-scale jatropha projects is that the projects began with insufficient amount of research and overestimated potential yield. Finally, this paper suggests that, in order to bring about successful jatropha production, African countries should 1) run sufficient feasibility tests before implementing large-scale projects; 2) establish concrete biofuels or energy policies and targets; and 3) improve land policy and make land transfer process transparent in order to avoid the issue of land-grabbing.
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