인도의 공업구조 변화 연구
A Study of Industrial Structure Change in India
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초록
산업구조변화를 살펴볼 때 인도는 중국과 같은 여타 개발도상국과 현격한 차이를 나타내고 있다. 인도 산업구조의 특징 중의 하나는 GDP에서 차지하는 농업부문의 높은 비중을 공업부문보다는 서비스 부문이 대처했다는 것이다. 낙후된 제조업기반에서 시작한 여타 개발도상국들과 비교해서 인도는 저조한 실적을 나타냈다. 특히 1991년 경제개혁 이후에도 제조업을 포함한 공업부문의 비중은 크게 향상되지 못하였다. 본 논문은 이에 대한 답을 찾기 위한 것이다. 분석결과 인도에서 공업부문의 비중이 확대되지 못한 가장 중요한 원인은 제조업부문이 여타 국가들의 산업보다 훨씬 느리게 성장했다. 느린 성장은 더딘 산업화을 수반하였다. 이것은 인도가 사회간접자본시설을 개발하는데 실패했고 산업 수요적인 측면에서 볼 때 국내 소비시장 규모의 한계를 해외시장에서 보완하지 못했다는 것이 주원인이라고 하겠다. 따라서 인도는 앞으로 산업구조를 재조정해 나가는 과정에서 이와 같은 문제점들을 해결해야할 과제를 안고 있다.
Abstract
When looking at structural change in industry, India differs markedly from developing countries like China. One of the characteristics of Indian industrial structure is that a high share of the agricultural sector in the gross domestic product(GDP) has been replaced by the service sector rather than the industrial sector. Compared to other developing countries that started off with a less developed manufacturing sector, India has performed poorly in the past. Especially even after the economic reforms in 1991, the share of the industrial sector including manufacturing has not risen substantially. This paper intends to find out the answer to what has happened in Indian industry. The analysis shows that the most important reason of not increasing the share of the industrial sector is that the manufacturing sector grew far more slowly than industry in the other countries. The slower growth was accompanied by a slower rate of industrialization. The major reasons are that India has failed to develop its infrastructure and from the industrial demand point of view, India has not compensated overseas market for the limitation of domestic consumer market size. Therefore, it is indicated that India has a task to resolve these problems in the future while it reorganizes its industrial structure.
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