인도 산업정책의 성격과 최근변화 연구
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초록
이 글은 1991년 경제개혁 이전과 이후의 인도의 산업정책의 성격을 분석하고 있다. 또한 최근 인도 산업정책의 변화를 살펴보고 있다. 경제개혁 이전의 인도의 산업정책은 사회주의 형 사회 건설 목표 달성을 위해 경제활동에서 경쟁을 제한했다. 특히 1948년과 1956년 산업정책이 이를 주도하였다. 이 기간 동안 공기업이 대부분의 산업활동을 장악했으며 민간기업은 과도하게 규제되었다. 이는 만성적인 GDP저성장을 야기 시켰다. 하지만 1991년 경제개혁 이후 인도의 산업정책은 지속적인 GDP성장과 고용창출, 그리고 국제경쟁력을 확보하기 위해 개혁이전의 인허가제 및 공기업과 소기업에 유보된 산업활동 등이 현격하게 자유화되었다. 이 결과, 한 예로 인도의 국제경쟁력은 괄목하게 상승했고 제조업 수출도 증가하였다. 이것은 인도의 산업정책 방향이 확실히 과거 수입대체산업화전략에서 수출지향 산업화정책으로 변했다는 것을 보여주고 있다. 최근 인도 산업정책의 핵심은 국민들의 실질소득 향상을 위해 경쟁력을 강화시키는 것이다. 그럼에도 불구하고 인도의 경쟁력은 경직된 노동법과 공기업의 민영화 부진 등으로 효과가 제한되고 있다. 하지만 이러한 것들은 인도의 정치사회적인 측면에서 이해되어야 할 것이다.
Abstract
This paper analyses nature of India’s industrial policy in the pre-1991 reform as well as post- reform period. It also examines the recent changes in the policy. It was found that due to the adoption of the socialist pattern of society as the national objective, India’s industrial policy during the pre-reform period mainly led by the 1948 and 1956 industrial policy restricted competition in economic activities. Public sector played a major role in most industrial activities and private sector was heavily regulated which created chronicle low GDP growth in India. However, Industrial policy of the post- 1991 reform period has been greatly liberalized to maintain a sustained growth in GDP and gainful employment and attain international ompetitiveness as compared to the pre-reform period in terms of granting of industrial licenses and other industrial approval, and activities reserved for the public sector and small-scale industry. As a result, for example, India’s competitiveness in general and its manufacturing exports in particular have risen impressively in the post 1991 reform period. This indicates that direction of the industrial policy has been certainly changed towards an export-oriented industrialization from the importsubstitution industrialization strategy during the pre-reform period. The key issue of India’s recent industrial policy is to strengthen competitiveness to enlarge thereal incomes of the people. Nevertheless, India’s competitiveness is lost on account of inflexibility of labor law and lack of disinvestment of public sector which has to understand from the socio-political point of view.
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