빠니니의 격이론

Abstract

This paper is aimed to introduce Pāṇini's kāraka theory. Abstract syntactic relations, obtaining between nominal and verbal stems, constitute basis of relations called kāraka. Pāṇini recognizes six kāraka relations described under sutra 1.4.23. These are: ablative (apādāna), dative (sampradāna), instrument (karaṇa), locative (adhikaraṇa), object (karma) and agent (kartṛ). At syntactic level these are denoted by inflectional endings attached to these stems. Representation of kārakas by nominal vibhaktis is described under sutra 2.3.1. which states that the nominal vibhaktis are introduced only when the kāraka has not already been expressed by some other means. Other means include tiṄ affixes, kṛt affixes, taddhita affixes and samāsa. A scrutiny of sutras describing kārakas reveals that there is no single feature that defines a particular kāraka. Those features are: natural relations between the meaning of nominal and verbal stems, lexical category, discourse, etc. In order to introduce kārakas without conflict between those features and to reflect the notion of vivakṣā, sutras are prepared in systematic arrangement. The notion of anabhihita presented in sutra 2.3.1. permits tiṄ affixes to express kārakas first, which enables the subject of a sentence to be marked nominative. Thus, the notion of anabhihita also takes voice-related syntactic relations into consideration.