아파다나 카라카(apādāna-kāraka)에 대한 파니니(Pāṇini)의 정의
Apādāna-kāraka in the Aṣṭādhyāyī
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카라카(kāraka)는 문장에서 동사와 연결되어 동사의 의미를 완성시키도록 돕는 것이다. 파니니(Pāṇini)는 이 개념에 대해 정의내리고 있지는 않지만, 자신의 文典(Aṣṭādhyāyī)의 P. 1.4.23에서 ‘처격으로 표시된 의미조건’으로서 제시하고 있다. 그리고 이하 P. 1.4.55에 이르기까지, 범어 구문론의 중추를 이루는 이 개념을 행위 주체를 의미하는 kartṛ, 행위의 목적(대상)을 나타내는 karma, 행위 성취의 수단을 나타내는 karaṇa, 증여를 표시하는 saṁpradāna, 분리를 나타내는 apādāna, 행위발생 장소인 adhikaraṇa라는 6개 항목으로 분류하여 다루고 있다. 그중 파니니가 가장 먼저 규정하고 있는 것은 ‘제5격 어미’를 취하여, ‘탈격’이라고도 불리는 아파다나 카라카(apādāna-kāraka)로, P. 1.4.24-31에서 취급되고 있다. 여기서 ‘아파다나 카라카’로 규정되고 있는 것들은, ① 떠남(분리)와 관련된 행위에 관해 고정점, ② 두려움과 관련된 행위에 관해 그 대상, ③ 굴복하는 행위와 관련된 대상, ④ 제지 행위와 관련하여 도달하고자 원하는 대상, ⑤ 숨는 행위와 관련하여 보이지 않기를 원하는 대상, ⑥ 지식 획득과 관련된 행위에 관한 그 敎示者, ⑦ ‘태어남’을 의미하는 행위와 관련하여 그 행위 주체의 탄생 근원, ⑧ √bhū와 관련한 행위 주체의 初出 장소라는 8항목들이다. 이상에 대한 고찰은, 아파다나 카라카라는 문장 구성 요소가 어떻게 행위 주체의 ‘행위 성취’를 돕는지(kāraka)를 명확히 하기 위한 것으로, 이를 통해 제5격의 적용 근거가 분명히 드러남을 살펴보았다.
Abstract
The term kāraka means the capacity in which a thing participates in the accomplishment of an action. That is to say, it accomplishes an action. It is used by Pāṇini, but not defined, in a technical sense as the locative meaning-condition. Pāṇini prescribed six kārakas, namely kartṛ, karma, karaṇa, saṁpradāna, apādāna, adhikaraṇa from P. 1.4.23 to P. 1.4.55. Among them, apādāna kāraka is denoted by a noun phrase whose relation to the action is that of a fixed point from which the movement takes place. It treated from P. 1.4.24 to P. 1.4.31 and takes pañcamī, and express the meaning of ‘ablative’ in the sentence. According to these rules, apādāna kāraka is linked with the following: 1) the point from which somebody/something departs or moves away. 2) the thing with regard to verbs representing √bhī ‘fear’, √trā ‘protect’. 3) the thing related to parā-√ji ‘to be tired of’. 4) the thing related to verbs having the sense of ‘preventing’, and 5) ‘concealing’. 6) the person who relates the acquisition of the knowledge. 7) the origin of the agent of the action denoted by √jan ‘to originate from’. 8) the first appeared place of the agent of the action denoted by √bhū ‘to become’.
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