빠알리어에서 격(格)의 의미론적 이해를 위한 kāraka 분석의 중요성

Abstract

The purpose of the present paper is to ascertain the importance of the analysis of kāraka for the semantic comprehension of cases in Pāli. The purpose can be subdivided as follows. This paper aims to: ⅰ) clearly separate kāraka and case ending and to ascertain the mutual relation of those based on traditional Pāli grammars, ⅱ) present the application of each kāraka through analysing the definitions and types of six kāraka along with sāmi, ⅲ) focus on the characteristic of the mutual relation between kāraka and case ending from the semantic perspective. For this research, the related rules in Kaccāyana-vyākaraṇa(KV) and Saddanīti(Sadd) were translated into Korean and analysed. As a result of that, the definitions and types of six kāraka, viz., kattu, kamma, karaṇa, sampadāna, apādāna, okāsa, along with sāmi were clarified in detail. And the assignment of each case ending to each kāraka were also presented. KV and Sadd do not use grammatical terms such as nominative case, accusative case, instrumental case, and so forth. Those grammars divide the case groups into seven such as paṭhamā vibhatti, dutiyā vibhatti, tatiyā vibhatti, and so forth, then assign a case(cases) to kāraka. Basically, paṭhamā vibhatti or tatiyā vibhatti is added to kattu according to sentence. And, dutiyā vibhatti is added to kamma, tatiyā vibhatti to karaṇa, catutthī vibhatti to sampadāna, pañcamī vibhatti to apādāna, chaṭṭhī vibhatti to sāmi, and sattamī vibhatti to okāsa. But, the other assignments in many rules are also presented. A case group is not absolutely assigned to a single kāraka, and a kāraka is not always expressed as a single case. The important factors of the analysis of kāraka for the semantic comprehension of cases are as follows. Firstly, as each kāraka has a wide application and various types, it is necessary to analyze kāraka for grasping role and meaning of a word in a sentence. Secondly, a case group is not absolutely assigned to a single kāraka, and a kāraka is not always expressed as a single case. Thirdly, without case, kāraka cannot be expressed for conveying the meaning of word, and without kāraka, case is nothing but a sign. Therefore, the analysis of kāraka for the semantic comprehension of cases is necessary and important.