중국 사회주의 시장경제 구축시기 축적체제 전환과 국가-사회 관계; 이론적 접근과 구조
Transformation of the Accumulation System and State-Social Relations during the Establishment of the Socialistic Market Economy in China; Theoretical Approach and Structure
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중국은 실제적 존재양식과 상관없이 여전히 사회주의 노선을 표방하고 있으며, 견고한 공산당 지배를 중심으로 사회주의 체제를 유지하고 있다. 중국 사회주의 개혁개방체제가 추진하고 있는 ‘사회주의 현대화’가 또 다른 형태의 근대화 노선이라는 점은 중국의 국가-사회 관계 연구와 매우 밀접하게 연관된다. 그 까닭은 체제의 근대화 전략과 경험에 따라 그 국가-사회 관계가 상이하게 나타나기 때문이다. 이 연구는 개혁개방이래 중국의 제도 형성의 원천을 사회주의 체제의 축적체제와 생산양식 전환과 체제개혁이론이라는 역사적 특수성에서 찾는다. 요약하면, 이 논문은 다음과 같은 인식으로 귀결된다. 사회주의체제 수립이후 개혁개방체제 출범이전 중국의 사회주의체제는 그 국가-사회 관계의 차원에서 국가가 계획과 ‘단위’ 체제를 통해 사회를 포섭한 단일 구조의 양상을 특징으로 한다. 중국이 자본주의적 축적체제(accumulation regime) 도입을 핵심으로 하는 개혁개방정책을 추진하면서 개혁이전에 존재하지 않던 비국유 기업이 새롭게 발생하여 성장하고 있고, 이와 더불어 시장화와 단위체제의 해체가 이루어졌다. 이 결과 중국에서 국가와 사회의 영역 분리 현상이 발생하고 사회는 다양한 이익집단으로 다원화되는 한편 분절화되면서, 국가와 사회의 양자간 관계도 일방적․수직적 관계에서 여전히 비대칭적 역학관계를 함유하고 있지만 상호작용의 관계로 전환되고 있다.
Abstract
Regardless of its actual form of existence, China still advocates a socialist line and maintains a socialist system centered on solid communist rule. China's 'reform and opening system' is another form of modernization. Modernization can be seen as a social and economic dynamic within the state, and the state-social relationship appears differently depending on the modernization strategy and experience of the system. This paper comes down to the following conclusions. After the establishment of the socialist system, before the launch of the reform and opening system, China's socialist system is characterized by a single structure in terms of state-social relations. In this structure, the state embraces society through planning and 'unit' systems. China promoted a reform and opening policy with the introduction of a capitalist accumulation system as its core. These reforms led to marketization and dismantling of the unit system. As a result, the separation of the state and society occurred in China, and society was diversified into various interest groups while being segmented. In addition, the bilateral relationship between the state and society is also shifting from a one-sided and vertical relationship to a relationship of interaction, although it still contains an asymmetric dynamics.
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