시장에서 국가로: 중국 사회주의의 적응과 진화
From Market to the State: How Socialism Has Been Transformed in China
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초록
지난 40여 년간 중국 경제는 구조적 변화가 가속화하고 자본과 시장의 영향력이 크게확대되었다. 이러한 상황에도 불구하고 중국의 사회주의는 어떻게 유효성을 유지하면서 공산당정권에 이념적 정당성을 제공할 수 있었는가. 이 논문은 개혁개방 이래 중국 공산당이 조건의변화와 필요에 따라 사회주의의 과제와 공산당의 역할을 재정의하면서 단계적으로 이념적합리화를 진행해 온 과정을 당장(党章) 등의 공식문건을 중심으로 분석한다. 중국적 현실을강조하면서 실용성을 중심으로 접근한 결과 중국의 사회주의는 적응 및 진화의 여지를 얻었고, 이러한 여지는 사회경제적 급변속에서도 사회주의의 효용성과 공산당의 정당성을 유지하는데중요한 역할을 하였다. 개혁개방의 이후 경제성장이라는 지상과제 하에 ‘시장’과 ‘자본가’를적극적으로 흡수하면서 그 내연을 확장해 온 ‘중국특색 사회주의’는 최근 들어 그 적응과진화의 전환점에 와있다. 중국의 사회주의는 ‘신시대’라는 새로운 수식어를 달고, ‘시장’을통한 경제 성장에서 부강한 ‘국가’를 통한 민족중흥으로 목표를 재설정하고 있는 공산당에새로운 정치적 정당성을 부여하는 이념으로 그 유용성을 시험받게 될 것으로 보인다.
Abstract
How has socialism coexisted with dramatic socioeconomic transformation caused by marketization and maintained legitimacy in China? By analyzing official party documents and statements, this paper attempts to illuminate how the Chinese Communist Party(CCP), since the beginning of the reform and opening, has reinterpreted socialism and the mission of the party to justify its raison detre. The key has been the ideological flexibility of “socialism with Chinese characteristics,” continuously redefined and evolved under the pragmatic goal of economic development. Yet socialism in China is now going through another major transformation under Xi Jinping. This paper analyzes Xi's "Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for the New Era" and shows that socialism in China is now redefined in terms of nationalism to justify the CCP rule.
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