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一般的信頼感、内集団・外集団への信頼感の関連要因の日韓中比較 ―EASS 2012データを用いた分析―

A Comparison of Factors Associated with general trust and in-group/out-group trust in Japan, Korea and China An Analysis Using EASS 2012

林萍萍
일본연구센터 (The Japan Center)|2023.03|차세대 인문사회연구 (The Journal of Next-Generation Humanities and Social Sciences)|제19호|pp. 99-120

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참고문헌

키워드

cross-cultural studygeneral trustEast Asian Social Survey一般的信頼感内集団外集団文化比較in-groupout-group

초록

本稿では、日本・韓国・中国における信頼感の構造を確認した上で、信頼感のそれぞれの側面に着目し、信頼感の関連要因を検討する。具体的には、East Asian Social Survey 2012のデータを用いて、人口統計学的要因、社会的要因、個人的要因の3つの側面から、一般的信頼感、内集団への信頼感、外集団への信頼感のそれぞれに影響を及ぼす要因を検討した。分析の結果、以下の点が明らかになった。 (1)いずれの文化においても、個別の相手に対する信頼感は、「公的機関で働く人への信頼」「非公的機関で働く人への信頼」「身近な人への信頼」の3因子が抽出された。 (2)中国は日本・韓国と比べ、一般的信頼感だけでなく、公的機関で働く人・非公的機関で働く人・身近な人に対する信頼感も高い。 (3)韓国と中国では、高齢者層のほうが内集団への信頼感が高いのに対して、日本では、高齢者層のほうが内集団への信頼感が低い。また、日本では、学歴が一般的信頼感に正の効果を与えているのに対して、韓国と中国では学歴の有意な効果がみられなかった。 (4)いずれの文化においても「困っていたら、近所の人は手助けしてくれる」と強く認識しているほど一般的信頼感と内集団への信頼感が高い。 (5)内集団への信頼感における中国と日本・韓国の文化差は、「近所の助け合い」の程度によって説明できる。

Abstract

The purpose of this article is to confirm the structure of social trust and understand the relationship between each dimension of trust in Japan, Korea, and China. It also aims to examine the factors associated with trust. Specifically, using the EASS 2012, this article considered factors that influence general trust, in-group trust (relatives, friends, work colleagues, and neighbors), and out-group trust (people one meets for the first time) from three aspects: demographic factors, social factors, and personal factors. The results of the analysis revealed the followings: 1) In all cultures, three factors were extracted for Japanese people's trust: “trust in people working in public institutions,” “trust in people working in non-public institutions,” and “trust in people close to themselves”. 2) Compared to Japan and Korea, China showed higher levels of general trust, trust in people who work in public institutions, trust in people who work in non-public institutions, and trust in people close to them. 3) In Korea and China, the elderly have a higher level of trust in the in-group, whereas in Japan, the elderly have a lower level of trust in the in-group. In Japan, education has a positive effect on general trust, whereas in Korea and China there is no significant effect of education. 4) In all cultures, higher level of beliefs about neighbor’s assistance (The neighbors are willing to provide assistance when I am in need) are associated with higher the level of in-group trust. 5) It is suggested that the cultural difference between China and Japan/Korea in trust in the in-group can be explained by the degree of beliefs about neighbor’s assistance.

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