일독 사실주의 소설 속의 여성의 일탈 서사ー「한 여자」의 요코와 「에피 브리스트」의 에피를 중심으로ー
Narratives about women’s deviation in Japanese and German realism literatureー Based on the analysis of “Yoko” in 「A Certain Woman」 and “Effi” in 「Effi Briest」ー
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有島武郎「或る女」(1919)とテーオドール・フォンターネ「罪なき罪ト(Effi Briest)」(1894/95, 1896)両作品は、日本とドイツの代表的なリアリズム小説である。本稿は、両作品を、それぞれの主人公、葉子とエフィの社会的な逸脱、姦通に焦点を当てて比較した。葉子とエフィは、家庭が社会および国家に組み込まれ、「社会的な構成物」であるジェンダ-が強固になっていく時代状況の下、因襲的な社会の規範に反発するという点で、共通している。葉子は女性を束縛する家夫長制に抗い、エフィは名誉重視の美徳に嫌悪感を吐露する。もう一つ、共通していることは、罰と感じとる苦しみの中では、罪の意識も癒しも起らないということである。葉子は「神の締め木」と解釈する断末魔の苦しみの中で、神に抗議しており、エフィは「罰」と受け取ろうとするつらい状況の中で、罪の意識を育てようとするが、インシュテテンに対する嫌悪、社会に対する嫌悪を募らせるばかりだ。しかし、苦しみの後、両親に受け入れられて、その愛に癒され、また自然がら得る慰めによって癒され、誠の愛の人へと成長する。一方、鮮明な違いは、自分の行動に対する責任の態度である。癒されたエフィは、槍を逆に投げたと、自分の非を認めるが、癒しを経験しない葉子は、間違っていたとは認めるが、その責任は認めず、運命を支配する神に抗議する。葉子の抗議にはキリスト教の贖罪論に関する作家有島の疑問が投影されている。周知のとおり、リアリズムは社会と人間の対立を客観的に描こうとする。けれども、葉子の在り方には、作家の宗教的観念が介入し、社会に対する抗議が神に対する抗議へと飛躍する。さらに、癒しの経験の有無が、葉子とエフィを、抗議する女性と和解する女性とに分けている。
Abstract
「A Certain Woman (或る女, Aru Onna, 1919)」 by Arishima Takeo (有島武郎 1878-1923) and 「Effi Briest (1894/95, 1896)」 by Theodor Fontane (1819-1898) are representative realist novels of Japan and Germany, respectively. This analysis provides a comparison of these two works, with focuses on the narratives of deviation and adultery of the two heroines: Yōko Satsuki and Effi. These two women have something in common. First, they both rebel against the virtues of a conventional society which values patriarchy and honor, especially in an era in which gender discrimination becomes more evident as a “social construct” as the family is incorporated into society and the state. Secondly, in the pain that they feel as punishment, neither acknowledgment nor healing of their sins takes place inside the two heroines. While Yoko is protesting to God in pain that she interprets as a punishment from God, Effi attempted to develop a sense of guilt in the painful situation that she tried to interpret as punishment, but in vain. Inside her, only hatred for Instetten and society amplified. However, Effi got healed and grew into a true loving person, in the consolation of nature and in the acceptance and love of her parents, which came after her suffering. On the other hand, the obvious difference between the two heroines is the attitude of taking responsibility for their own actions. While Effi, who got healed, admits her fault of betrayal, Yoko, who has not experienced healing, refuses to accept the responsibility and protests to the God who rules her fate, despite admitting the wrongs she has done in her life. In her protest, the author Arishima’s doubts about the Christian theory of atonement are projected.
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