카스트 불평등이 도시전문직 취업에 미치는 영향: 인도의 소프트웨어 전문직을 중심으로
A Study of the Influence of Caste Inequalities on the Urban Professional Employment Opportunities: With Special Reference to the Software Professionals in India
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1991년의 신경제정책 실행 이후 인도 민간부문의 경제규모가 급격하게 증가하자, 하층 카스트들은 경제적 기회의 보다 균등한 배분을 통해 사회정의를 달성하기 위해 민간부문에도 정원할당정책을 확대해서 시행할 것을 요구해왔다. 이러한 요구에 대해 민간기업들은 직원 채용이나 승진, 임금 등에서 카스트에 따른 차별은 전혀 없으며, 정원할당정책을 시행할 경우 실력이 뒤떨어지는 직원들을 채용할 수밖에 없어서 생산성과 경쟁력이 약화되고 결국 전체적인 경제성장이 둔화될 것이라는 논리로 강력히 반대해왔다. 이 논쟁의 근본적인 초점은 신경제정책 이후 빠르게 늘어나고 있는 고소득 도시전문직에 취업할 기회의 균등한 배분이며, 더 나아가 국가가 사회정의의 실현을 위해 민간부문에 어느 정도까지 개입해야 하는가의 문제라고 할 수 있다. 즉 정원할당정책을 통해 하층 카스트에게 도시의 고소득 전문직 취업을 일정 부분 보장함으로써, 최근 경제성장의 성과를 보다 많은 사람들에게 널리 분배하는 문제로 연결되는 것이다. 이 연구는 위와 같은 문제의식을 바탕으로 소프트웨어 전문직 취업에서 카스트에 따른 불평등이 어떤 영향을 미치는지, 또한 채용 과정에서 하층카스트를 걸러내는 메커니즘이 존재하는지, 존재한다면 그 구체적인 내용은 어떤 것인지 등을 분석한다. 이는 경제성장과 시장자유화를 통해 인도 사회가 빠르게 변화하는 상황에서, 카스트 제도가 그 변화의 방향과 성격을 규정하는 데 미치는 영향력을 밝힘으로써 인도식 ‘세계화(Globalisation)’의 특징을 이해하려는 시도이다. 이 연구에서 고등교육기관과 IT 기업의 채용 과정을 여러 사례연구들을 통해 살펴본 바에 따르면, 소프트웨어 전문직 노동시장에는 카스트와 계급, 종교, 지역 등에 따라 뚜렷한 불평등과 간접적인 차별이 존재하며, 이는 인도 사회의 전반적인 불평등 구조와 긴밀하게 관련되어 있다. 즉 거시적인 통계지표나 미시적인 사례연구들 모두 IT를 비롯한 민간부문 취업에서 카스트에 따른 불평등이 엄연히 존재하며, 이 불평등은 고소득 전문직으로 갈수록 더욱 심해진다는 점을 명백하게 보여주고 있다. 경제자유화와 민간부문의 경제규모 확대라는 대세가 뒤바뀔 가능성이 거의 없다는 점을 고려한다면, 앞으로 민간부문에 정원할당정책을 확대하는 문제를 둘러싼 논쟁은 더욱 치열해질 것이며, 이 정책의 시행여부는 인도 경제와 사회가 변화하는 방향을 결정하는 데 큰 영향을 미칠 것이다.
Abstract
With the rapid growth of private sector economy in India after the New Economic Policies of 1991, lower castes have been demanding the extension of Reservation Policies into the private sector in order to achieve the goal of social justice through more equitable distribution of newly created economic opportunities. Private sector companies have strongly opposed this demand by arguing that, in the first place, there are not any discriminations at all based on caste in employment, promotion and salary; moreover, if private companies are forced to employ less meritorious persons by Reservation Policies, the productivity and competitive power of these companies would be inevitably compromised, eventually leading to general slow-down of economic growth. The basic points of contention in this on-going debate are, firstly, what are the reasonable means of achieving the more equitable distribution of high-income, professional, white-collar, urban job opportunities among various social groups and, secondly, what are the justifiable limits of state intervention into the private sector economy for the realisation of social justice. In other words, this debate is closely linked to the sensitive issue of extending compulsory job reservations for lower castes from the public to the private sector, thereby guaranteeing them bigger share of the fruits of recent economic growth on the one hand, and realizing the constitutional goal of social justice in the global neo-liberal environment on the other. Based on the above understanding, this study focuses on the actual degree of caste inequalities reflected in the social composition of software professionals in some selected Indian software companies, and analyses the concrete mechanisms by which considerations of caste factor are effectually integrated into the recruitment processes of software companies even though these companies do not intentionally use any discriminatory methods to find out caste backgrounds of applicants. Through this analysis, we can understand the characteristics of Indian-style 'Globalisation' by clarifying the influences of caste system on the nature and direction of the economic and social changes in India in recent times. In this study, we find out following summaries through the analysis of various case studies on the recruitment practices of higher education centres and IT companies in such metropolitan cities as Delhi, Chennai, Bangalore, Hyderabad and Mumbai. First, there certainly exist many kinds of subtle discriminations in the labour market of software professionals based on caste, class, religion, region, language, etc., and these discriminations are closely related to the built-in structure of inequalities of Indian society. Second, both the macro-level statistics and the micro-level case studies make it clear that caste-based inequalities exist undeniably in private sector employment, and the degree of actual discrimination and difference becomes even more prominent among high-income high-skilled professional jobs. Considering the fact that present trend of economic liberalisation and accompanying expansion of private sector economy will certainly continue for some years to come, the debate on the issue of extending Reservation Policies to private sector will be more intensified, and the results of this debate will definitely influence the contents and direction of future changes of Indian society in the era of globalisation.
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