인도 달리뜨 운동의 국제화와 ‘인권’ 문제: 국내 운동과의 관계에서 드러난 한계에 대한 비판적 검토
Internationalization of Dalit Movements in India and the Issue of ‘Human Rights’: A Critical Examination of Its Limitations Compared to the Domestic Dalit Movements
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초록
최근의 국제화 운동은 불가촉천민의 차별과 불평등을 철폐하려는 목적은 공유하지만, 카스트 제도라는 틀 내에서 문제를 제기하고 해결하려 했던 기존의 운동이나 정책들과는 뚜렷한 차이를 보인다. 달리뜨 국제화 운동은 불가촉천민에 대한 차별이 카스트 제도에 고유한 문제가 아니라 인종 차별이라는 보다 일반적인 현상의 한 형태이며, 따라서 이것은 인도 사회의 특수한 문제가 아니라 보편적인 ‘인권’의 문제로 간주해야 한다고 주장한다. 이러한 주장을 바탕으로 국제연합을 비롯한 각종 국제기구들을 통해 인도 정부를 압박하여 불가촉천민에 대한 차별과 불평등을 없애려는 노선을 따르는 것이다. 이것은 1990년대의 신경제정책 이후 인도 경제와 사회가 빠르게 개방되고 세계화되는 과정과 더불어 나타난 새로운 경향이며, 앞으로 인도 국내외의 다양한 불가촉천민 운동들이 전개되는 과정과 내용에 상당한 영향을 미칠 것이다. 이 연구에서는 위와 같은 문제의식을 바탕으로, 다음의 주제들을 중심으로 국제화 운동의 성격을 분석한다: 첫째, 달리뜨 국제화 운동을 주도하는 집단과 운동의 전개과정 및 주요 쟁점들은 무엇인가; 둘째, 일상생활의 장에서 벌어지는 달리뜨 운동들의 주요 쟁점들은 무엇인가; 셋째, 인도의 불가촉천민 문제를 해결하는 데 국제화 운동이 갖는 의의와 한계는 어떤 것인가.
Abstract
Recent international movements of Dalits share with various untouchable movements of the past the same purpose of removing discrimination against the Untouchables and Untouchability. At the same time, these international movements are clearly different from the past movements in that they try to achieve the goal not in the frame of caste system but in quite different sphere, that is, international organizations like the United Nations or various Human Rights organizations. International Dalit movements regard the discrimination against the untouchables not as culturally and socially unique phenomenon of Indian society, but as a part of universal phenomenon of racial discrimination. Therefore, according to them, caste discrimination should be dealt with not as a problem of Indian society per se, but as an universal problem of human rights violation. Based on the above perception, these movements have endeavored to pressurize the Indian government through various international human rights organizations including the UN. This strategy can be regarded as a result of the opening and globalization of Indian society and economy after the 1990s, and it will certainly influence on many kinds of untouchable movements both in India and abroad. This study tries to analyse the characteristics and influences of international Dalit movements through the examination of the following questions: First, who constitute the core group of international Dalit movements, which organizations do what kinds of activities in international as well as national environments, and what are the main issues of these movements?; Second, what are the main issues and concerns of ordinary dalit masses in the context of collective resistance against caste discriminations which occur everyday in numerous villages and neighborhoods in India; Third, what are the contributions and limitations of international Dalit movements in advancing the general march towards the collective liberation and empowerment of the Untouchables in India?
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