지정카스트와 지정부족을 대상으로 한 인도 정원할당제: 수혜집단 제한과 불균등 발전을 통해서 본 문제점과 그 개선안
Reservation Policy for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in India: Issues on Beneficiaries, Problems of Uneven Development, and the Possible Reform Measures
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초록
인도는 독립 이전부터 현재에 이르기까지 전통적으로 카스트 제도에 의하여 하층카스트로 분류되어 차별받아온 지정카스트와 카스트 제도 내에 편입되지 못함으로써 주류 힌두사회로부터 격리되어 차별받아온 지정부족에게 평등한 기회를 부여하고 대표성을 보장하며 이들의 사회경제적 상황을 개선하기 위해 다양한 분야에서 할당제를 실시하여왔다. 입법기관의 선출직 의원, 공적고용, 교육기관의 입학에 있어서 정원의 일정 비율을 지정카스트와 지정부족에게 할당하기 위한 규정은 헌법에 명시되어 있어 그 근거는 명확하지만, 시행상에 있어서는 문제점을 노정하고 있기도 하다. 특히 수혜집단의 판단에 있어서 이슬람교와 기독교로 개종한 이들과 본인의 출신지를 떠나 이주한 사람들의 자격을 박탈하는 현행 할당제는 개선이 시급하다. 또한 할당제는 정치세력과 카스트 집단간의 역학관계로 인하여 지정카스트나 지정부족에 속하는 커뮤니티 사이의 불균등한 발전을 초래하였는데, 이를 해소하기 위한 현실적인 대안으로는 이미 지정카스트 운동 집단들과 정치권에서도 논의가 시작된 하위쿼터의 제정을 들 수 있겠다.
Abstract
The reservation policy has been enforced in India for the equal treatment, the adequate representation and the socio-economic improvement of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes since the colonial period. In spite of its firm constitutional basis, reservation system in India suffers various problems in its implementation. Exclusion of the converts to Islam and Christianity from the beneficiaries of reservation and the rule of domicile which restricts the freedom of residence need urgent revision. Another serious problem of the existing reservation system caused from the involvement of political consideration is the uneven development among the scheduled communities. Establishment of sub-quota according to the different level of development of each community can be the most realistic alternative way of implementing reservation.
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