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인도 신중간계급의 사회경제적 성격 및 ‘기타후진카스트’ 집단과의 관계 연구

A Study on the Socio-Economic Characteristics of India's New Middle Class and Its Relationship with the 'Other Backward Castes'

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초록

이 글은 최근 인도 신중간계급(New Middle Class)의 사회경제적 성격을 1990년대의 경제개혁 이후 빠른 속도로 진행되고 있는 거시적인 사회변화와 관련시켜 이해하려는 시도이다. 이 글에서 다루는 주제들은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 소득, 소비, 직업 등에 관한 거시적인 지표들을 통해 중간계급의 규모와 구성, 기본적인 경제적 성격을 정리하고, 이와 관련해서 신중간계급의 성격을 요약한다. 둘째, 신중간계급의 사회경제적 성격에서 기존의 중간계급과 구별되는 내용이 무엇인지를 이 집단의 대표적인 이미지인 소비문화를 통해 살펴본 후, 이와 관련된 이념적 지배력을 힌두 문화민족주의적 경향을 통해 분석한다. 셋째, 신중간계급의 사회적 구성이 카스트와 어떤 식으로 관련되어 있는지를 통해 OBC 집단과의 관계를 분석한다. 연구결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 중간계급을 분류하는 데 사용되는 기준은 매우 다양한데, 1990년대 이후 절대숫자나 총인구에서의 비율 모두 크게 증가했다. 이 중에서 고급 소비문화의 주인공으로 그려지는 신중간계급은 사실상 중간이 아니라 신흥부자(new rich)라는 이름이 더 적합한 상층 집단이며, 넓은 의미의 중간계급의 약 1/5 정도에 불과한 엘리트층이다. 둘째, 신중간계급의 특징으로 가장 많이 거론되는 것은 고급 소비문화와 서구식 개인중심적 생활방식의 주체라는 점이다. 다양한 대중매체를 통해 널리 선전되는 신중간계급의 전형적인 이미지는 고소득 도시전문직, 높은 교육수준과 유창한 영어 사용, 고급 주택가에서 값비싼 여가생활과 해외여행을 즐기며 핵가족과 자녀 교육을 매우 중시하는 젊은 세대이다. 즉 신중간계급은 세계화시대에 부강한 인도를 대표하는 새로운 ‘소비자-시민’으로 이상화되는 것인데, 근본적인 문제는 현재의 인도 사회에서 이러한 고급 소비문화를 즐길 경제적 능력과 기회가 소수의 상층카스트 힌두들에게 집중되어 있다는 사실이며, 또한 신중간계급이 주도해서 유포하는 소비문화가 무슬림을 비롯한 소수집단들을 배제한 힌두 중심의 문화민족주의적 성격을 강하게 띠고 있다는 점이다. 셋째, 독립 후 토지개혁과 녹색혁명의 혜택을 입은 상당수의 ‘기타후진카스트’(Other Backward Castes)들이 중간계급으로 진입했으나, 현재의 신중간계급은 상층카스트 출신이 인구비례에 비해 압도적으로 많고, 절대다수가 도시거주-고등교육-전문직 엘리트라는 성격을 보인다. 즉 최근 인도 사회의 사회경제적 주도권을 위한 경쟁에서, 기타후진카스트는 상층카스트에 비해 집단적으로 뒤처지는 경향을 보이고 있는 것이다.

Abstract

This study tries to analyse the socio-economic characteristics of the New Middle Class in contemporary India, which has shown rapid and far-reaching changes since the New Economic Policies of 1991. Specifically, we will focus on the following issues: First, the size and composition of the Middle Class to understand its basic economic characteristics and, based on these findings, the general socio-economic characteristics of the New Middle Class as a social group; Second, the contents of the "newness" of this class in comparison with the Middle Class of the past, focusing especially on its role as the flag-bearer of neo-liberalistic consumption culture and main producer of Hindu cultural nationalist ideology; Third, the relationship between the social composition of the New Middle Class and caste system, focusing mainly on its relationship with the Other Backward Castes. We can summarise our findings as follows:First, the size of the Middle Class varies depending on which criteria one uses, and it has increased very rapidly since the 1990s regardless of the criteria actually used. While it comprises 6% of the total population if we use the narrowest criterion, it increases to 26% of the total population if we use the broadest criterion. Among the Middle Class, the New Middle Class comprises only about upper 20% elite strata. In this sense, it can be said that the New Middle Class actually means not middle but definitely upper, "new rich" strata. Second, the most visible and frequently cited characteristics of the New Middle Class are its high consumption culture plus Westernised and individualistic life styles. Stereotypical New Middle Class person which is incessantly broadcasted by various mass-medias can be represented as an employee of a multi-national or IT company with high salary and professional white-collar work, high educational credentials with fluent English, posh residence in a metropolis enjoying leisure and foreign travels, patronising fashionable shopping malls, multiplexes and expensive restaurants, regarding nuclear family values and children's education very highly, etc. In other words, the New Middle Class person is idealised as a new type of "consumer-citizen", a representative of affluent and powerful India to the outside world in this era of Globalisation. The fundamental problem which we must remember is the fact that opportunities to get credentials and merits which are necessary preconditions to be included in this class are highly restricted to a selected few, mainly Hindu upper castes urban elite strata. Moreover, the ideology of neo-liberal consumerism which is produced and broadcasted mainly by the New Middle Class has shown a strong tendency of Hindu cultural nationalism, that is, a cultural nationalism which excludes Muslims and other religious minorities. Third, considerable numbers among the Other Backward Castes have been able to elevate themselves to the Middle Class status thanks to such favorable policies as various Land Reforms and the Green Revolution after the Independence. But in the social composition of the New Middle Class, upper-caste Hindu urban professional elites with high educational credentials dominate, thereby relegating OBC behind in the race for the socio-economic hegemony in contemporary India.

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