국가(國歌) 제정과정에서 나타나는 인도의 국가 정체성 형성에 관한 고찰
A Study on the Establishing of the National Identity of India through the Process of Enactment of Her National Anthem
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본 연구에서는 1905년부터 1950년에 이르는 기간 동안 인도의 국가 제정과 관련된 중요한 역사적 사건들을 살펴보았다. 1950년 1월 24일 인도 제헌의회에서 채택된 인도 국가는 라빈드라나트 타고르가 지은 자나가나마나이다. 그런데 인도에서 국가의 개념이 본격적으로 등장한 1905년부터 독립에 이르는 기간 동안 인도 대중들 사이에서 국가처럼 받아들여졌던 노래는 반데 마따람이다. 반데 마따람은 벵갈분할령에 반대하는 극단주의 성향의 힌두 엘리트들이 벵갈분할령으로 촉발된 민족주의운동에 본격적으로 사용하기 시작하면서 1930년대까지 인도에서 가장 널리 알려진 노래가 되었다. 그러나 1930년대 후반부터 무슬림 진영에서는 반데 마따람 제창에 대한 반대 입장이 형성되기 시작하였다. 무슬림들은 반데 마따람의 기원과 내용이 반무슬림 정서를 지니고 있으며, 이를 국가로 제정하기 위해 노력하는 인도국민회의는 무슬림들을 의도적으로 차별하며 인도를 힌두 국가로 만드는 일에만 집중하고 있다고 비난하였다. 인도국민회의는 무슬림 진영의 격앙된 감정을 누그러뜨리기 위해 노력하였으나 힌두와 무슬림 사이의 감정은 1940년대 접어들어 더욱 악화되는 양상이 나타났다. 독립 인도의 초대 총리가 된 네루는 독립 직후부터 반데 마따람은 국가로서 부적합하다는 입장을 분명히 하였다. 네루에게 국가는 인도 국내외 행사에서 악단이 연주하기 쉬운 노래여야만 했고 인도의 모든 집단들이 반감 없이 받아들일 수 있는 것이어야만 했다. 세속주의를 독립 인도의 가장 중요한 국가 정체성으로 상정하고 있던 네루는 독립 직후부터 국가 제정과정에 깊숙이 관여하여 자나가나마나를 국가로 만들기 위해 노력하였다. 네루는 다인종, 다언어, 다종교 사회인 인도에서 국가 상징으로 사용될 노래는 다양성 속의 통일성에 기여해야만 하며, 인도 국민들이 지켜나가야 할 세속주의적 의무에 대한 간곡한 권유를 상징하는 것이어야만 한다고 보았다. 이러한 입장에 비추어 볼 때 1940년대까지 커뮤널리즘과 연관되면서 호전성과 배타주의적 성격을 강하게 지니게 된 반데 마따람은 국가로 제정하기에는 부적합한 것이었다. 반면 자나가나마나는 음악적 측면에서뿐만 아니라 그 내용의 측면에서 이 모든 조건에 부합하는 것이었다. 그럼에도 불구하고 반데 마따람에 국가에 준하는 지위가 부여되었는데, 이는 사회 구성원들의 다양한 요구를 최대한 포용하고자 한 네루의 정치적 결단과 독립 인도가 추구하는 세속주의가 지향해야 할 방향성이 투영된 것으로 볼 수 있다.
Abstract
This paper focused on the important historical events related to the establishment of the national anthem of India during the period from 1905 to 1950. The national anthem of India adopted by Constituent Assembly on 24 January 1950 was Jana Gana Mana composed by Rabindranath Tagore. However, from 1905 when the concept of a national anthem emerged in India to the attainment of independence, the song that was accepted as a national anthem status among the Indian public was Bande Mataram. It became India’s most well-known song by the 1930s as extremist elite Bengali Hindus began to use it in the Swadeshi movement sparked by the Partition of Bengal in 1905. But since the late 1930s, the opposition of Indian Muslim community to Bande Mataram became publicly clear. They thought Bande Mataram had anti-Muslim sentiments in its origins and content, and accused the Indian National Congress of deliberately discriminating against Muslims and of focusing only on making Independent India a Hindu nation. The important leaders of the Indian National Congress tried to soothe the rising feelings among the Muslims, but the conflict between Hindus and Muslims grew worse in the 1940s. Nehru, the first Prime Minister of independent India, made it clear shortly after independence that Bande Mataram was unsuitable as a national anthem. For Nehru, national anthem had to be a song to be played by a band at domestic and international events and something that all groups and communities in India could accept without antipathy. Nehru, who had been touting secularism as the most important national identity of independent India, had been deeply involved in the process of making the Jana Gana Mana as a national anthem. Nehru believed that the national anthem should contribute to the unity of diversity in the country like India, a multiracial, multilingual and multiracial society. In view of this position, Bande Mataram which had a strong militancy and exclusivism character associated with communalism until the 1940s was unfit to make as a national anthem. On the other hand, Jana Ganan Manan met all those conditions not only in terms of music but also in terms of the content. Nevertheless, an equal status with the national anthem was granted to Bande Mataram. It reflects Nehru’s bold political decision made to embrace the diverse needs of the members of Indian society as much as possible, suggesting the direction in which secularism pursued by independent India should be directed.
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