『인도 센서스』에 나타난 힌두이즘의 개념과 인종주의에 대한 고찰
Concept of Hinduism in Census of India and Its Racist Implication
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이 연구는 『인도 센서스』를 통하여 식민정부의 행정관들이 시도했던 인도의 종교에 대한 범주화와 힌두이즘의 정의를 고찰한다. 보다 구체적으로는 연도별 센서스 보고서에 나타난 종교 범주의 변화를 통하여 식민정부가 힌두의 정의에 관련된 문제점을 자각하고 그 기준을 조정하는 과정을 살펴보고, 연도별 보고서마다 나타나는 힌두 개념의 변화 및 그 불명확성과 문제점을 확인한다. 센서스의 종교 개념 설정과 종교의 범주화는 다분히 일신교중심적인 종교의 이해에 기반한 것이었기에 기본적으로 다신교, 범신교적 특성을 갖는 인도 종교의 이해가 더욱 어려웠다. 특히 힌두의 정체를 확립하고 범위를 설정하는 데 있어서 두드러졌던 문제는 힌두이즘과 정령숭배/부족신앙의 구분이었는데, 센서스 보고서에는 이 둘의 관계가 단순한 연관성 또는 유사성이 아니라 정령신앙으로부터 힌두교로의 전이라는 방향성을 가진 변화라고 서술된 점이 주목된다. 이는 종족 사이의 우열을 전제하고 그들이 향유하는 문화의 우열도 규정하는 오리엔탈리즘적 시각을 드러내고 있다. 또한 열등한 것은 우수한 쪽으로 전이되어야 한다는 ‘발전’의 논리 역시 개입되어 있다. 센서스를 통한 종교의 범주화와 힌두이즘의 정의, 그리고 인도 종교들의 관계는 전형적인 오리엔탈리즘적 사고의 구조 속에서 이해되었음을 알 수 있다.
Abstract
This study examines the categorization of Indian religion and the definition of Hinduism attempted by the administrators of the British colonial government through the Census of India between the late 19th and the early 20th centuries. More specifically, this study examines how the colonial government identified problems related to the definition of Hinduism and the process by which they modified that standard through changes in religious categorization that appear in the census report. This study also examines the changes to the concept of Hinduism, and the ambiguity and problems of that concept that appear in each report. As the setting of religious concepts and religious categorization in the census were based on a monotheistic-centered understanding of religion, it was even more difficult to understand Indian religions that were fundamentally characterized by polytheism and pantheism. The problem that was especially common when establishing the identity and setting the scope of Hinduism was the differentiation between Hinduism and animism/tribal beliefs. What is of interest is that the census report describes the relationship between the two not simply as one of connection or similarity but as a change moving in the direction from animism to Hinduism. This reveals the orientalist perspective that assumes a hierarchy between races and defines a hierarchy between the cultures that they possess. In addition, the logic of development that states that the inferior must move toward that which is superior is also involved in this conceptualization. We can see that the categorization of religion through the census, the definition of Hinduism, and the relationship between Indian religions was understood through the structure of typical orientalist thinking.
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