국기(國旗) 제정과정에서 나타나는 식민지 인도의 국가 정체성 형성과정에 대한 고찰 1905-1947
A Study on the Process of Establishing the National Identity of Colonial India in the Course of Deciding on the National Flag 1905-1947
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본 연구에서는 1905년부터 1947년 독립에 이르는 기간 동안 인도의 국기 제정과 관련된 중요한 역사적 사건들을 중심으로 살펴보았다. 1947년 7월 인도 제헌의회에서 채택되어 오늘날까지 사용되고 있는 인도 국기는 1921년 간디가 주도적으로 고안하고, 1931년 인도국민회의가 공식적으로 채택한 깃발에 그 기원을 두고 있다. 1921년 간디가 고안한 삼색기는 힌두와 무슬림의 갈등을 중재하기 위한 노력의 일환으로 두 종교를 상징하는 색깔이 같은 비율로 구성되었으며, 물레를 그려 넣음으로써 계층을 초월한 통합의 상징물로 널리 보급되었다. 특히 1923년에는 나그뿌르 지역에서 진행된 국기 사뜨야그라하를 통하여 간디가 고안한 국기는 전국적으로 확산되는 계기를 마련하였다. 1921년 이후부터 1947년까지 인도 국기 제정과정을 두고 볼 때 가장 두드러지는 특징은 민족주의운동 지도자들인 간디, 네루와 같은 소수의 엘리트들이 국기 제정과정 전반에 주도적으로 관여하고 있다는 점이다. 인도 민족주의운동 지도자들은 국기 제정과정을 통해 신생 독립국 인도의 정체성을 드러내고자 시도하였는데, 그들이 가장 열망하고 있었던 신국가의 정체성은 세속주의 국가였던 것으로 볼 수 있다. 즉, 당시 인도 민족주의운동 지도자들은 다언어, 다민족, 다종교로 구성된 인도를 단일한 공동체로 환원시키는데 열중하고 있었고, 당시 인도 사회가 내포하고 있던 가장 큰 문제인 커뮤널리즘적 긴장을 국기 제정에 대한 국민적 합의와 동의를 통해 해소하고 상징화 하고자 하였다. 결국 인도 국기가 제정되는 과정은 국가통합을 위해 세속주의라는 국가 정체성을 찾아가는 과정이었다고 말할 수 있다.
Abstract
This paper focused on the important historical events related to the establishment of the national flag of India during the period from 1905 to 1947. The Indian national flag, adopted by the Constitutional Assembly of India in July 1947, has its origins on the flag designed by Gandhi in 1921 and officially adopted by the Indian National Congress in 1931. The tricolor of 1921, consisted of the same proportions of colors symbolizing the two religions as part of efforts to mediate Hindu and Muslim conflicts, and was widely accepted among people of India as a national symbol by devising the spinning-wheel on the flag. In particular, this flag was spread nationwide through the Flag Satyagraha which was carried out in the Nagpur region in 1923. The most striking feature of the process of establishing the national flag of India from 1921 to 1947 was the involvement of a handful of elites, such as nationalist leaders Gandhi and Nehru. They tried to solve the problems facing India through the national flag, including the Hindu-Muslim religious conflict, the most important problem facing India at that time. On the one hand, such an attempt was in itself revealing the dilemma faced by the Indian nationalist movement. In other words, the most important issue in the process of achieving India's independence was the question of how to control the conflict between the two major religions, Hindu and Muslim, and the continuing controversy over the design and symbols of the national flag over other religions. In sum, it can be said that the process of deciding the national flag of India was to seek out the national identity of secularism for the united independent nation.
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