국가 형성 이념으로서 사회주의의 토착적 적용: 인도의 네루와 미얀마의 우 누 비교
Indigenous Adaption of Socialism as an Ideology of State Formation: Comparative Study of India and Myanmar
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이 글에서는 인도와 미얀마의 초대 총리였던 네루(Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru)와 우 누(U Nu)의 사회주의관과 인도와 미얀마에서 실시되었던 ‘혼합경제’와 ‘복지국가’의 내용과 성과를 검토하고, 신생 독립국으로서 두 국가의 사회주의는 국가 형성에서 어떠한 역할을 했는지를 분석하고자 한다. 이를 위해 네루와 우 누의 사회주의관을 비롯한 정치사상을 검토하고, 두 정치인의 정치사상이 함축된 사회주의 경제정책의 실패 원인을 검토할 것이다. 네루는 영국 유학시절 당시 페이비언주의에 경도되었으며, 간디(Mahatma Gandhi)와 사상과 전략적 대립을 이루었다. 그는 특정 사상에 대한 이념적 접근을 지양하는 대신 실용주의와 세속주의에 근거하여 자유롭고 평등한 사회주의국가를 구현하려고 시도했다. 이에 반해 우 누는 각종 이념으로부터 자유롭지 못하여 이념적 중심을 잡지 못했고, 궁극적으로 정치와 종교의 접목을 통해 독립 버마를 전통으로 회귀시키려고 시도했다. ‘혼합경제’와 ‘복지국가’는 공히 전통적 성향이 강한 사회의 구조적 개혁 없이 근대 제도만을 투입시킴으로써 상호간 조화를 이루지 못함으로써 실패했다. 경제정책의 실패에도 불구하고 네루 시기 인도는 민주주의 제도를 정착시킴으로써 현재까지 세계 최대의 민주주의국가가 될 수 있었다. 반면, 미얀마는 우 누의 정치력뿐만 아니라 정치제도로 도입한 민주주의체제가 부침을 거듭하며 토착화되지 못했다. 민간정부의 실패는 군부통치라는 정치적 쇠퇴로 이어졌다.
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to analyze the function of socialism as an ideology of state formation. In doing so, this paper explores socialism view of the first Prime Minister of India Jawaharlal Nehru and the first Prime Minister of Myanmar, then Burma U Nu, and evaluates socialist economic development plan, the mixed economy and the welfare state. Nehru deeply had concentrated on Fabianism while studying in England, and had a strategic confrontation with Mahatma Gandhi. He attempted to create a free and equal socialist state based on pragmatism and secularism instead of avoiding ideological approaches to certain ideas(-ism). On the other hand, U Nu did not have a stabilized ideology because not freeing from various ideologies which he had encountered through books, conversation, speeches, and ultimately attempted to bring independent Burma back to tradition by combining politics and religion. Both the mixed economy and the welfare state had failed by interconnection of modern institutions without structural reform of traditional society. Despite the failure of economic policy, India was able to become the world's largest democracy by settling its democratic system. On the other hand, Myanmar's democratic system, which was introduced as a political system as well as U Nu’s political power, has failed to become indigenous. The failure of the civilian government led to the political decay of military rule.
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