당대 중국 도농관계의 변동과 농촌 탈정치화의 문제 — 허쉐펑(贺雪峰)의 도농이원구조에 대한 인식과 ‘실지청년(失地靑年)’ 문제를 중심으로

Abstract

This paper re-analyzed the meaning of rural politics in Chinese society while summarizing the historical flow of the dual structure between urban and rural areas in modern China, as explained by He Xuefeng, a scholar representing Chinese rural sociology. China’s rural problems are closely linked to the sustainability of China’s economic system, changes in population structure, and consequent cultural diversity. In the late 1950s, the communist party created a dual system between urban and rural areas to create basic capital accumulation within the cities by moving the surplus produced in the rural area towards the cities by restricting migration through the Hukou system. However, with the reform and opening up in the 1980s, Chinese companies that became factories of the world needed a lot of labor, and the rural areas became a supplier of such labor, and this dual structure between cities and the rural regions was cracked. Based on He Xuefeng’s analysis of the relationship between urban and rural areas from exploitation to protection, this paper examines the problems of migrant workers and various phenomena related to them. Among them, the most critical problem is that farmers are increasingly disconnected from the land, unlike before. In the early stages of their urban migration, rural land served as an economic buffer for migrant workers, even if their life in the urban area failed. However, the recent generation of non-urban Hukou youth and farmers who have lost their land tend to be low-class inside the urban area. Ironically, the government’s civilization policy for farmers tends to gradually lose the land as a proper buffer zone in the event of a failure in their migration life. This paper understands that the fundamental approach to rural protection is not limited to simply preventing the indiscriminate development of rural land from the capital but to help maintain the relationship between farmers and land that has been maintained so far. To keep the sustainability of Chinese society as a whole, the Chinese government should identify the contradiction in the civilization policy for land lost farmers and need to worry about how to set their status at the legal or socio-cultural level.