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중국 도농관계의 역사적 궤적 ― 근대전환기에서 사회주의시대까지

The Historical Trajectory of China's Rural-Urban Relations : From the Era of Modern Transition to the Socialist China

박충환
대한중국학회 (Korean Association For Chinese Studies)|2018.06|중국학 (Chinese Studies)|제63호|pp. 233-261|DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.14378/KACS.2018.63.63.16

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참고문헌

키워드

도농관계도농연속체진보적 도시봉건적 농촌정치적 이상화도시편향Rural-Urban RelationsRural-Urban ContinuumProgressive CityFeudal CountryPolitical IdealizationUrban Bias

초록

본고는 중국 도농관계의 역사적 변화궤적을 근대전환기, 중화민국시대, 마오쩌둥 치하 사회주의시대로 구분해서 추적함으로써 오늘날 중국 도농관계의 역사적 맥락을 조명하고자 하는 연구이다. 근대전환기는 전근대 중국의 도농관계를 특징지었던 사회문화적 연속체가 해체되고 근대적 도농이분법과 도농불평등의 정치경제적‧문화적 단초가 마련되는 시기였다. 중화민국시대에는 중국경제가 세계 자본주의 체제로 본격적으로 편입되고, 서구로부터 사회진화론의 개념적 프레임이 도입되면서 도농관계가 문화적으로 급격하게 재구성되는 시기였다. 이에 따라 중국의 도시는 진보의 상징이자 모더니티의 소재지로, 농촌은 봉건적 낙후성과 무지몽매의 장으로 정의되고 재현되기 시작했다. 사회주의시대 중국의 도농관계는 표면적으로 양립 불가능할 것 같은 이념적 양가성을 통해 구성되었고, 이는 문화혁명기에 절정에 이른 상산하향운동을 통해 극적인 형태로 표현되었다. 이 연구를 통해 조명한 중국 도농관계 변화의 역사적 궤적은 오늘날 중국 도농관계의 문화적 구성과 그것이 중국의 정치경제적‧문화적 지형에서 갖는 중층적 함의를 이해하는 데 중요한 지적 발판을 제공해줄 것이다.

Abstract

This article aims at illuminating the historical trajectory of China's rural-urban relations in terms of three historical periods, the era of Modern Transition, the Republican China, and the Socialist China under the Maoist regime. The era of Modern Transition was the time when the traditional form of sociocultural continuum between the city and the country was gradually dismantled and the modern form of rural-urban distinction and inequality was formulated. The Republican China witnessed a significant change in the cultural construction of rural-urban relations as a result of the cultural reconfiguration of the city and the country in terms of social evolutionist conceptual framework adopted from the West. Accordingly, China's countryside began to be represented as the locus of feudal backwardness and ignorance and the city as the symbol of progress and the site of modernity. In the Socialist China, the rural-urban relation was constructed upon a seemingly incompatible ideological and cultural ambivalence, and it registered its dramatic form in the so-called 'up-to-the mountain, down-to-the village' campaign during the Cultural Revolution. The historical trajectory of China's rural-urban relations traced by this research is to be a critical intellectual jumping board for understanding the cultural construction of ruality and urbanity and its multiple implications in the political-economic and cultural landscape of Chinese society today.

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