소련-독일 전쟁과 냉전 - 군사-정치 지도자로서 스탈린의 역할 -
The Soviet-German War and the Cold War - Role of Stalin as a Warlord and Political Leader -
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이 글은 제프리 로버츠(Geoffrey Roberts)의 Stalin’s Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939-1953을 비판적으로 검토함으로써 스탈린이 제2차 세계대전과 냉전 초기 동안 군사-정치 지도자로서 소련의 안전을 지키기 위해 어떻게 사고하고 행동하였는지를 면밀히 살펴보려는 시도이다. 로버츠는 이 저서에서 제2차 세계대전 동안 스탈린이 군사 지도자로서 “대체 불가능할” 정도로 매우 유능했으며, 전쟁 중은 물론이고 전쟁 이후에도 ‘대연합’을 유지하려고 애를 씀으로써 냉전을 어떻게든 회피하려 했다고 주장한다. 그러나 로버츠의 이 테제는 예컨대, 전쟁 초기는 물론이고전쟁 후반기에도 스탈린이 계속 저질렀던 군사적 실책들의 중요성을 거의 무시하거나, 스탈린의 사고와 행동에 큰 영향을 미친 공산주의 이념의 역할을 경시하거나, 때로는 스탈린이 모든 외교적 결정을 주도한 것처럼 그의 리더십을 지나치게 강조한 데 바탕을 두고 있다. 그의 주장이 좀 더 설득력을갖기 위해서는 보다 확실한 증거와 관련 논제들에 대한 더욱 세밀한 고찰이 필요할 것이다.
Abstract
This essay aims to take a close look into what and how Iosif Stalin as a Soviet highest leader thought and acted in order to ensure the security of the Soviet Union during World War Ⅱ and early Cold War, reviewing critically Geoffrey Robert’s Stalin’s Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939-1953. In his book, Roberts argues that Stalin was very effective and unreplaceable as a warlord, and indispensable to the Soviet victory over Nazi Germany. Also, in Robert’s view, Stalin worked hard to make the Grand Alliance a success and wanted to see it continue after the war, averting the Cold War. But more evidences and deeper researches are required to accept Robert’s more or less bold arguments. His theses are based on almost ignoring Stalin’s wrong military decisions during the Soviet-German War which often led to a national disaster. Moreover, Roberts disregards the important role of communist ideology which made a great impact on Stalin’s mind-set and behavior, depicting him as a completely rational and pragmatic leader. Also Roberts often overemphasizes Stalin’s leadership, as if he alone made a decision on every international issues, without appropriately analyzing the relationships between him and his diplomatic advisors and aids.
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