19세기 독일 자유주의의 정치적 초상: 반서구주의의 독일적 기원
Political Portrait of the 19th Century German Liberalism: the German Origin of Anti-Westernism
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초록
본 논문은 바이마르 공화국시기의 ‘보수혁명’을 전후하여 독일에서 전개된 ‘반서구주의’의 정치사적 연원을 19세기 독일 자유주의의 발전과 쇠퇴과정에 대한 분석을 통해해명하는데 목적이 있다. 19세기 중반까지의 독일은 자유주의의 시기라고 해도 과언이아닐 정도로 자유주의 전통이 주요한 사회정치적 흐름의 하나를 이루었다. 그러나 19세기 말과 바이마르 시기의 ‘보수혁명’기에 들어서면 독일에서는 권위주의적인 정치문화를등에 업고 우파 보수주의자들에 의해 ‘반서구주의’ 운동이 전개된다. 그렇다면 왜 독일은 자유주의의 흥기를 누렸음에도 불구하고 다른 서구유럽 국가들과 달리 권위주의적인정치문화를 청산하지 못하고 반정치적이고 비민주주의적인 ‘보수혁명’을 거쳐 파시즘으로까지 발전한 것일까? 본 논문은 기존의 ‘독일의 특수한 길’에 대한 논의와 달리 지역에 기초한 연방주의적 자유주의와 민족주의적인 자유주의의 대결과정에 대한 분석을 통해 19세기 독일 자유주의의 쇠퇴와 특수한 역사적 변질과정을 ‘반서구주의의 탄생’이라는 맥락에서 새롭게 재조명하고자 한다. 이를 통해 19세기 후반과 바이마르 공화국 시기의 보수주의 운동에 나타난 독일 반서구주의 운동의 구체적인 정치사적 연원을 해명하고자 한다.
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to explain the political origin of ‘anti-Westernism’ that spread in Germany around the time of the Conservative Revolution in Weimar Republic by analyzing the rise and fall of the 19th century German liberalism. Until the mid to late 19th century, the liberalist tradition prevailed so much in Germany that it is not too much to say that it was the age of liberalism. As the ‘Conservative Revolution’ of the late 19th century and Weimar gained ascendency, however, the anti-Western campaign became wide spread in Germany, backed by its distinctively authoritative political culture. Why had Germany, despite the phase in which it enjoyed liberalism, failed to abandon its authoritative political culture but walked down the path of the anti-democratic anti-Western ideology? So far the creation of Germany’s authoritative political culture was understood within the framework of the ‘German Sonderweg’ debate surrounding the formation of Nazism. This paper seeks to go beyond the existing scholarly perspectives, to explore the distinctive historical deterioration of the 19th century German liberalism in the new context of the emergence of the anti-Westernism, thereby proposing a new framework of understanding that previous studies had not considered.
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