체제전환 이후 동유럽 극우주의의 발흥과 극우정당의 발전에 대한 연구
A study on the rise and development of right wing extremisms and extreme right parties in Eastern Europe Since the system transition
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초록
1989년 현실사회주의의 몰락 이후 대부분 동유럽 국가에서 극우주의와 강한 민족주의정서가 등장했다. 이는 양차 대전 사이에 존재했던 바이마르공화국과 뒤이어 나타난 나치즘과 대비되면서 동유럽 민주주의의 ‘바이마르화’에 대한 논의를 제기했다. 본 논문은 과연 동유럽의 신생 민주주의가 극우주의의 위협에 노출되어 있는 가라는 문제제기 속에서동유럽 국가들의 극우주의 발흥 원인과 극우정당의 발전에 대해 살펴본다. 극우주의는 자유주의와 다원주의적 민주주의 및 이것의 기반이 되는 개인주의와 보편주의 원칙에 대한 반대로서, 인종에 따른 사회적 불평등, 극단적 민족주의, 외국인에 대한적대 및 가족과 사회의 위계질서에 대한 전폭적 수용 등의 사고와 행동방식으로 정의된다. 체제전환 이후 동유럽 극우주의 발흥의 직접적 원인은 극우주의가 체제전환이라는 사회적대변혁 속에서 체제전환의 패자들에게 스스로를 새로운 대안으로 제시함으로써 이들의 관심과 지지를 받게 된 것에 있다. 동유럽 극우정당들은 서유럽 극우정당들과 비교해서 대체로 정치적으로 생명력이 있으며 일정 비율의 지지를 지속적으로 받고 있다. 그러나 아직은 동유럽 국가들의 신생민주주의나 정당체제를 위협할 수준은 아니다.
Abstract
After the collapse of real-socialism in 1989, right wing extremisms and strong nationalist sentiments came on almost of East European countries. It brought up the argument about ‘Weimarization’ of East European democracy, which can be compared to the Weimar republic which existed between the first and the second World War and Nazism which appeared following it. This article aims at investigating whether new emerging democracies in Eastern Europe are really threatened by right wing extremisms and analyzing rising reasons of right wing extremisms and the development of extreme right parties in East European countries. The right wing extremism is opposing liberalism,pluralistic democracy, and the principle of individualism and universalism which are base of them. It is defined as a behavior pattern and thinking caused by social inequality based on race, the extreme nationalism, hostile attitudes and behaviors against foreigner, and wholehearted acceptance of order of rank in family and society. The rise of wright wing extremisms in Eastern Europe after the system transition is due to the attention and support of the losers of system transition who are eager to look for another new alternatives on the process of great transformation of their countries. Compared to extreme right parties in Western Europe, those in Eastern Europe have political vitality and are consistently supported by the certain partial stratum of voters. However, they are not yet available to threaten the new emerging democracies and party system in Eastern Europe.
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