브렉시트와 EU의 공동안보방위정책(CSDP)
Brexit and the EU’s Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP)
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초록
이 논문은 영국의 EU탈퇴결정(브렉시트)과 공동안보방위정책(CSDP) 간 상호관계 및 향후 브렉시트가 CSDP에 미칠 영향에 대해 고찰한다. 상당수의 학자와 전문가들은 EU의 공동외교안보정책(CFSP)과 CSDP는 지금까지 거의 전적으로 ‘정부간주의’ 방식으로 운영되어 왔으며, 특히 CSDP는 회원국간 협력과 정책통합이 아직 매우 낮은 단계에 머물러 있기 때문에 브렉시트의 영향이 별로 없을 것이란 견해를 제시해왔다. 반면 일부 다른 전문가들은 1990년대말 CSDP의 탄생과 이후의 발전이 영국-프랑스 축을 중심으로 진행되어왔고 유럽국가들의 안보방위 또한 이미 긴밀하게 상호 연계되고 결합되어 있기 때문에 브렉시트는 매우 광범위하고 복잡한 영향을 미칠 것으로 예측했다. 또한 지금까지 CSDP발전의 상당부분이 영국에 의해 지연되고 저지되었기 때문에 브렉시트는 일반적인 예상을 뛰어넘는 수준의 커다란 변화를 초래할 가능성이 있다는 것이다. 아직 영국-EU간 본격적인 탈퇴협상이 진행되지 않았고, 협상과정 및 탈퇴 이후의 유럽질서는 많은 불확실성과 가변성을 갖고 있는 것으로 보인다. 그럼에도 불구하고 영국의 브렉시트 결정 이후 1년 남짓의 짧은 기간 동안 CSDP에는 과거에 상상할 수도 없었던 커다란 변화가 발생해왔다. CSDP가 브렉시트 결정으로 인해 어떤 영향을 받아왔는지, 또한 향후 어떤 방향으로 발전할 것이지 하는 문제는 단지 이 분야에 국한된 이슈가 아닌, 영국과 EU, 그리고 유럽통합의 미래가 걸린 중요한 사안으로 간주된다. 본 논문은 먼저 CSDP를 중심으로 영국과 EU간 관계의 변화양상을 살펴보고, 2016년 6월의 브렉시트 결정이 EU의 CSDP에 어떤 변화를 초래했는지를 검토할 것이다. 또한 브렉시트 결정 이후에 EU 내에서 논의되기 시작한 유럽방위동맹(EDU) 구상의 내용과 향후 전망, 그리고 그것이 CSDP와 유럽통합의 미래에 갖는 함의를 조망할 것이다.
Abstract
This research is aimed at examining the interacting aspects of Brexit and the EU’s Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) and the effects of the former on the latter in the coming years. Many scholars and experts have presented a view that Brexit would not affect the CSDP in significant ways as the CSDP has been administered essentially by an inter-governmental method and as the level of cooperation and integration among the EU Member States (MS) has remained still very low. A group of other experts, however, insist that Brexit would affect the CSDP greatly than expected when we look at the central role played by the UK along with France ever since the creation of the CSDP in the late 1990s. They understand that the trends of cooperation and competition between these two countries have always shaped much of the course of CSDP development and that the field of security and defence has also been integrated deeply than thought among the MS. In addition, in view of the negative role played by the UK in inhibiting the progress in the CSDP from time to time, the UK’s withdrawal from the EU would highly likely induce far greater changes than most people could foresee. To know exactly the extent to which Brexit would impact upon the CSDP and the ways in which the CSDP would evolve in the coming years is an arduous task, but it is very important to know about it as it would determine the course of European integration as a whole as well as the evolution of the CSDP in the coming years. This paper explores first the changing relationships between the UK and the EU’s CSDP, then investigates the impacts of Brexit on the CSDP. It will be followed by the discussions on the recent proposals for the creation of the European Defence Union (EDU) and other initiatives for European defence integration.
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