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EU의 글로벌전략(EUGS)과 유럽방위통합의 전망

The EU Global Strategy and the Prospects of European Defence Integration

온대원
EU연구소 (Institute for European Union Studies)|2017.06|EU연구 (Journal of European Union Studies)|제46호|pp. 3-48|DOI 10.18109/jeus.2017..46.3

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공동안보방위정책(CSDP)Common Security and Defence Policy(CSDP)EU글로벌전략(EUGS)유럽방위기금(EDF)유럽방위산업유럽방위통합EU Global Strategy(EUGS)European Defence Fund(EDF)European Defence IndustryEuropean Defence Integration
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초록

공동안보방위정책(CSDP)은 유럽연합(EU) 회원국들에게 국가주권과관련된 매우 중요하고 민감한 사안이다. 1992년에 체결된 마스트리히트조약 이래 EU의 후속 조약들은 공동방위를 유럽통합의 궁극적인 목표의 하나로 설정했고, 그를 위해 국가 간 공동방위정책의 도입이 필요하다는 점을 천명했다. 그러나 회원국들의 주권에 대한 강한 집착과 방위공동체 달성에 대한 정치적 의지의 결여는 오랜 기간 이 분야에서의 국가 간 협력과 통합을 가로막는 커다란 장애요인으로 작용해왔다. 최근2-3년간 이러한 흐름에 상당한 변화의 조짐이 보이고 있다. 특히 2016 년 6월말 EU글로벌전략(EUGS)이 유럽이사회에 의해 공식으로 채택된이후 EU와 회원국들은 안보방위 분야에서 상호협력을 촉진하고 국가간 정책통합을 촉진하기 위한 방안들을 본격적으로 추진하기 시작했다. 본 연구는 2016년 EUGS를 중심으로 이러한 변화의 배경과 과정 그리고 그것이 향후 CSDP의 발전 및 유럽방위통합에 갖는 함의를 분석하고자 한다. EUGS의 수립과 CSDP를 강화하기 위한 최근의 시도는 안보방위분야에서 회원국 간 협력과 통합을 촉진함으로써 지난 10여 년간 EU 가 직면해온 대내외적 위기를 극복하고 공동체의 구심점을 다시 회복하려는 노력의 일환으로 간주된다. 유럽방위기금(EDF)의 창설과 유럽집행위원회의 정책권한 강화 등 일련의 제도적, 정책적 변화는 유럽통합의역사에서 국가주권의 최후의 보루였던 안보방위 분야에서 근본적인 변화가 진행될 것임을 예고하고 있다. 그러나 유럽방위산업 재편과 CSDP 에서의 국가 간 역할분담 등 핵심 쟁점을 둘러싼 회원국들의 복잡한 이해관계와 다수 회원국에서의 유럽회의주의와 극우정치세력의 부상 등불안정한 정치적 상황은 CSDP의 발전과 유럽방위통합의 전망에 상당한불확실성을 제기할 것이다.

Abstract

The Common Security and Defence Policy(CSDP) has always been a very important and sensitive issue to the Member States(MS) of the EU that touches the core of their national sovereignty. The Maastricht Treaty included provisions for a long-term vision for a European common defence policy, designed to achieve common defence in the long term. The lack of mutual trust and political will among the MS, however, has long remained the main obstacle against such a development. During the last few years, there have taken place tremendous changes in the CSDP since the launch of the EU Global Strategy(EUGS) in late June 2016. These changes included the establishment of the European Defence Fund(EDF) and other important plans for the strengthening of the CSDP. This paper deals with the background and processes of these developments and their implications for European defence integration. It is understood that such moves have been aimed at reinforcing the unity and coherence of the Union amidst very difficult internal and external circumstances through strengthening the CSDP and facilitating defence integration. These will likely cause enormous changes in the CSDP in the coming future, gradually threatening to undermine the foundation of the longstanding tradition of state-centric approach towards security and defence in Europe to a great extent. There, however, will arise enormous constraints and challenges that the EU and the MS should overcome before they achieve their long-time dream of the European Defence Union (EDU), which would include surging Euroscepticism and the rise of ultra-right nationalist forces in Europe.

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