우크라이나 전쟁 이후 EU와 주요국의 에너지 공급망 변화

Abstract

The EU has continued to experience a natural gas supply chain crisis in natural gas pipelines passing from Russia to Ukraine. After Russia's annexation of Crimea in 2014, EU sanctions against Russia were implemented. However, Russian natural gas imports from the EU increased rapidly from 2016 until the War in Ukraine. In 2021, Russia accounted for 25% of the EU's crude oil imports and 45% of its natural gas imports. In Germany, which received a stable supply of Russian natural gas through the Nord Stream I pipeline, which opened in November 2011, the share of Russian natural gas imports in 2021 was 52%. The EU has diversified its oil and natural gas supply chains in accordance with Russia's weaponization of energy resources against the EU's sanctions. Since then, EU member states have actively introduced FSRU to expand their LNG terminals in the region, and the United States has emerged as the EU's largest LNG supplier. In addition, the EU has diversified its natural gas supply chain. The EU is also expanding its crude oil imports significantly from the United States and the Middle East while reducing its dependence on Russian oil imports. Russia, which relied heavily on the EU for energy exports, is also diversifying its energy resource export. Before the War in Ukraine, Europe accounted for the most important portion of Russia's crude oil export in 2021, but China became the largest crude oil importer of Russia in 2023. India, a key partner in the U.S. Indo-Pacific strategy and a Quad member along with Australia and Japan, has significantly expanded its oil import from Russia after the war in Ukraine. In 2023, Russia has became India's largest oil supplier. As such, significant changes are taking place in the global energy supply chain after Russian invasion of Ukraine. The EU is expanding the introduction of crude oil and natural gas in the Middle East, Korea's main energy source, while diversifying its energy supply chain. In order for Korea to stabilize the energy supply chain, it is necessary to closely monitor the changes in relations between Korea's existing energy suppliers and EU countries that are trying to diversify their energy sources.