우크라이나 전쟁 이후 가스 수출국으로서 러시아의 위상: 변화와 전망
Russia's Status as Gas Exporter after the Ukraine War: Change and Prospects
0
조회
0
다운로드
0
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
우크라이나 전쟁 이전 러시아는 오랫동안 다른 국가가 넘볼 수 없는 최대 가스 수출국으로서의 위상을 누리고 있었다. 일례로 2021년 러시아의 가스 수출량은 2,413억㎥에 달했는데 이 양이 전 세계 가스 수출량에서 차지한 비중은 19.8%에 달했다. 하지만 우크라이나 전쟁 이후 러시아 가스의 최대 고객인 유럽이 러시아를 재정적으로 압박하기 위한 방안의 일환으로 러시아에서 수입하는 가스의 양을 급격하게 축소했다. 실제로 2021년 1,844억㎥에 달했던 유럽의 러시아 가스 수입량은 2023년에 692억㎥로 감소했다. 그 결과 2021년과 2023년 사이 유럽으로 향한 러시아의 가스 수출량은 1,152억㎥ 감소했는데, 이 양은 2023년 가스 순 수출량 전 세계 2위인 카타르가 수출한 1,279억㎥에 버금가는 수치였다. 이렇게 유럽으로의 가스 수출이 감소하면서 러시아의 가스 수출량이 전 세계 가스 수출량에서 차지하는 비중도 2021년 19.8%에서 2023년에 11.3%로 급락했다. 본 논문은 러시아가 최대 가스 수출국으로서 우크라이나 전쟁 이전의 위상을 회복할 수 있는가의 문제를 다루고 있다. 보다 정확하게는 러시아의 가스 수출량이 전 세계 가스 수출량에서 차지하는 비중이 20%선에 육박할 수 있는지를 짚어보고 있다. 이를 위해 본 논문은 러시아가 빠른 시일 안에 대안의 시장을 확보할 수 있는가를 분석하고 있다. 이 분석에서 본 논문은 러시아가 대안의 시장을 확보할 가능성이 낮다고 주장한다.
Abstract
Before the Ukraine war, Russia had long enjoyed its status as the largest gas exporter that no other country could ever surpass. For example, Russia's gas exports reached 241.3 billion cubic meters (bcm) in 2021 and these exports accounted for 19.8% of global gas exports. After the Ukraine war, however, Europe, the largest customer of Russian gas, has sharply reduced the amount of this gas to put financial pressure on Russia. In fact, Europe's gas imports decreased from 184.4 bcm in 2021 to 69.2 bcm in 2023. As a result, Russia's gas exports to Europe decreased by 115.2 bcm between 2021 and 2023. This amount is comparable to 127.9 bcm that Qatar, the world's second-largest net gas exporter, exported in 2023. As gas exports to Europe declined, the share of Russia's gas exports in global gas exports sharply decreased from 19.8% in 2021 to 11.3% in 2023. This paper examines the question of whether Russia can restore its pre-war status as the largest gas exporter. More precisely, it explores whether Russia's gas exports can reach 20% of global gas exports. To this end, this paper analyzes whether Russia can secure alternative markets in the near future. In this analysis, this paper argues that Russia is unlikely to secure these alternative markets.
참고문헌 (93)
- "삼성중공업, 러시아 즈베즈다 LNG 쇄빙선 10척 장비 제작 중단" (2023)[URL]
- 김정환, "러시아-우크라이나 전쟁 이후 러시아 천연가스 수출 방향의변화와 전망", 슬라브학보, 38(1), pp.261~295 (2023), 한국슬라브학회
- 노남진, "러-우 전쟁 및 중동 분쟁에 따른 천연가스 시장 영향", 세계에너지시장 인사이트, 24(17), pp.1~8 (2024), 에너지경제연구원
- 이유신, "러시아의 대 아·태 지역 가스 전략: 성과와 딜레마", 슬라브연구, 36(1), pp.63~90 (2020), 한국외국어대학교 러시아연구소
- "Иран станет сильногазированным" (2024)[URL]
- "Отношения с Ираном постепенно накачиваются" (2024)[URL]
- "Энергетическая Cтратегия России на Период до 2035 Года" (2020)[URL]
- "Россия обогнала Туркмению по экспорту газа в Китай" (2024)[URL]
- "Russia to Expand Gas Supplies to Uzbekistan, Plans Nuclear Power Plant Construction" (2024)[URL]
- "EU Targets Russia's LNG Sector in New Sanctions Package" (2024)[URL]
- "Record Loss For Russia's Gazprom In 2023 As Sanctions Hit Exports" (2024)[URL]
- "Will Turkey ever become a Russian gas hub?" (2023)[URL]
- BP, "bp Statistical Review of World Energy" (2002), BP p. l. c
- BP, "bp Statistical Review of World Energy" (2009), BP p. l. c
- BP, "bp Statistical Review of World Energy" (2010), BP p. l. c
- BP, "bp Statistical Review of World Energy" (2011), BP p. l. c
- BP, "bp Statistical Review of World Energy" (2012), BP p. l. c
- BP, "bp Statistical Review of World Energy" (2013), BP p. l. c
- BP, "bp Statistical Review of World Energy" (2014), BP p. l. c
- BP, "bp Statistical Review of World Energy" (2015), BP p. l. c
- BP, "bp Statistical Review of World Energy" (2016), BP p. l. c
- BP, "bp Statistical Review of World Energy" (2017), BP p. l. c
- BP, "bp Statistical Review of World Energy" (2018), BP p. l. c
- BP, "bp Statistical Review of World Energy" (2019), BP p. l. c
- BP, "bp Statistical Review of World Energy" (2020), BP p. l. c
- BP, "bp Statistical Review of World Energy" (2021), BP p. l. c
- BP, "bp Statistical Review of World Energy" (2022), BP p. l. c
- "Future Options for Russian Gas Exports" (2023)[URL]
- "Russia’s Gas Export Strategy:Adapting to the New Reality" (2024)[URL]
- "EU Sanctions Against Russia Explained" (2024)[URL]
- "The Future of the Power of Siberia 2 Pipeline" (2024)[URL]
- "EU gas use dropped to 295 Bcm in 2023 on demand reduction efforts: Simson" (2024)[URL]
- "Russian pipeline gas exports to China hit new daily record:Gazprom" (2024)[URL]
- "After two years of war, Europe emerging from shadow of Russian gas" (2024)[URL]
- Energy Institute, "Statistical Review of World Energy", ~ (2023)
- Energy Institute, "Statistical Review of World Energy", ~ (2024)
- "Uzbekistan reaches deal to buy gas from Russia" (2023)[URL]
- "Uzbekistan Leverages Russia's Need for Allies, Secures Discounted Gas" (2024)[URL]
- "Uzbekistan plans $500M investment to boost Russian gas imports" (2024)[URL]
- European Commission : Directorate-General for Energy, "EU Energy in Figures: Statistical pocketbook 2015" (2015), Publications Office
- European Commission, "EU Energy in Figures: Statistical pocketbook 2016" (2016), Publications Office
- European Commission, "EU Energy in Figures: Statistical pocketbook 2017" (2017), Publications Office
- European Commission, "EU Energy in Figures: Statistical pocketbook 2018" (2018), Publications Office
- European Commission, "EU Energy in Figures: Statistical pocketbook 2019" (2019), Publications Office
- European Commission, "EU Energy in Figures: Statistical pocketbook 2020" (2020), Publications Office
- European Commission, "EU Energy in Figures: Statistical pocketbook 2021" (2021), Publications Office
- European Commission, "EU Energy in Figures: Statistical pocketbook 2022" (2022), Publications Office
- European Commission, "EU Energy in Figures: Statistical pocketbook 2023" (2023), Publications Office
- European Commission, "EU Energy in Figures: Statistical pocketbook 2024" (2024), Publications Office
- Eurostat, "Eurostat Statistical Books : Energy, Transport and Environment Indicators" (2015), European Union
- "Turkey Can Become an Energy Hub - But Not by Going All-In on Russian Gas" (2022)[URL]
- "Strengthening ties: A second pipeline import contract to send 10 Bcm/y from Russia to China" (2022)[URL]
- "US aims to leave Russia’s Arctic LNG 2 project ‘dead in the water’, says US official" (2024)[URL]
- "“EU-Russia Relations,” At a Glance. What Think Tanks are thinking" (2015)[URL]
- "Do future Russian gas pipeline exports to Europe matter anymore?" (2023)[URL]
- "Outlook for Russia’s oil and gas production and exports" (2024)[URL]
- Högselius, Per, "Red Gas: Russia and the Origins of European Energy Dependence" (2013), Palgrave Macmillan
- "Putin Offers to Make Turkey a Gas Hub to Preserve E.U. Energy Hold" (2022)[URL]
- "First Parts of Arctic LNG 2 Utrenny Terminal Put in Operation" (2023)[URL]
- IEA, "World Energy Outlook 2023" (2023), IEA Publications
- "Gazprom CEO Miller confirms supplies to China from Far East in 2027, Russia to become country's largest supplier of gas" (2024)[URL]
- "Sakhalin-2 LNG production exceeded 10 mln tonnes in 2023" (2024)[URL]
- "Iran-Russia Gas Supply Deal 'Masterpiece' in Energy Diplomacy:Owji" (2024)[URL]
- Judge, Andrew, "Challenging Reductionism in Analyses of EU-Russia Energy Relations", Geopolitics, 21(4), pp.751~762 (2016)
- "Russia's Novatek Slashes Output at Sanctioned Arctic LNG 2" (2024)[URL]
- "Russia Seals Nuclear Power and Gas Deal with Uzbekistan" (2024)[URL]
- "Russia may use field hit by U.S. sanctions for gas exports to China" (2022)[URL]
- "Turkey: Opportunities and Challenges on the Domestic Gas Market in 2024" (2024)[URL]
- "Russia signs gas supply MOU with Iran" (2024)[URL]
- "Russia’s Exports to ‘Friendly Nations’ Hit 84% in 2023:Deputy Premier" (2024)[URL]
- "As Power of Siberia 2 Pipeline Stagnates, So Do Russia’s Hopes for Pivoting Gas Exports Eastward" (2024)[URL]
- "In focus: EU energy security and gas supplies" (2024)[URL]
- "Iran to Receive 300 Million Cubic Meters of Russian Gas Daily: Oil Minister" (2024)[URL]
- Pirani, Simon, "The Russo-Ukrainian Gas Dispute of January 2009: A Comprehensive Agreement" (2009), Oxford Institute for Energy Studies
- "Russian gas in Central Asia: A plan to deepen dependence" (2023)[URL]
- "Exclusive: Disagreements Delay Russian Gas Hub Plans in Turkey" (2023)[URL]
- "Gazprom, Iran Sign Tentative Energy Deal Worth $40 Billion" (2022)[URL]
- "Uzbekistan Rejects Putin-Proposed ‘Trilateral Gas Union’" (2022)[URL]
- "Gazprom in 2023: Financial Losses Hit a Record High,”" (2024)[URL]
- "Russia: Arctic LNG 2’s capacity is reduced due to sanctions" (2024)[URL]
- "Russia-China gas pipeline deal stalls over Beijing’s price demands" (2024)[URL]
- Shagiina, Maria, "Russia’s Demise as an Energy Superpower", Survival, 64(4), pp.105~110 (2022)
- Siddi, Marco, "European Energy Politics: The Green Transition and EURussia Energy Relations" (2023), Edward Elgar Publishing Limited
- "The EU Is Much Less Dependent on Russian Gas But Still Isn’t Ready to Give Up" (2023)[URL]
- Skalamera, Morena, "‘Steppe-ing’ Out of Russia’s Shadow : Russia’s Changing ‘Energy Power’ in Post-Soivet Eurasia", Europe-Asia Studies, 74(9), pp.1640~1656 (2022)
- "Natural gas consumption in the European Union from 1998 to 2023"[URL]
- "Gas consumption in Europe down to 1996 level — Gazprom" (2023)[URL]
- "Austria to move away from Russian gas by 2027, its new security strategy says" (2024)[URL]
- "Russia ready to supply gas to Europe through safe Nord Stream 2 pipeline — Putin" (2024)[URL]
- "Gazprom Postpones Arctic Gas Exploration Projects After Record Loss" (2024)[URL]
- "Is Putin About to Get His Gas Union With Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan?" (2023)[URL]
- "Exclusive: Russia to Boost LNG Output Fivefold to Supply Asia" (2019)[URL]
