외국 高句麗 인물화에 나타난 닭깃털관(鷄羽冠)과 高句麗의 위상

Abstract

The present paper examined the examples of the rooster feathered hats of Koguri in East Asia figure paintings and artifacts, and tried to understand the significance of the Koguri type hat, and finally made the following conclusions drawn from those researches. 1. Among the examples of Koguri figure paintings found in the foreign countries, the earliest one was the Painting of the Portraits of Periodical Offering of Liang 梁職貢圖. The comparisons among the costumes and hairdress of the Three Kingdoms, Koguri, Paekche, and Silla show us that the most prominent feature of a Koguri envoy is the rooster feathered hat 鷄羽冠. 2. The painting of a Koguri figure painted on the dais of a Buddhist sculpture at Horyuji 法隆寺 in Japan is most likely a depiction of an envoy from Koguri, or a drawing done by someone from Koguri who knew the custom of the kingdom. It is only existing evidence of a painting of a human figure wearing a rooster feathered hat in Japan. 3. Next, the author examined the rooster feathered hat in the murals of the Tomb of Prince Zhanghuai of Tang. The date of the painting in 706, 38 years later than the collapse of Koguri, made some scholars to debate about the nationality of the envoy, either Palhae, Silla, or Koguri. The author argued that it is a Koguri envoy judging from two kinds of sources. The Koguri in the Painting of the Portraits of Periodical Offering of Liang and the envoy in the wall painting of the Prince Zhanghuai Tomb wear the same rooster feathered hat. It is different from a Silla envoy who is depicted without a feathered hat. Secondly, 『Fanyu zaming 梵語雜名』 called Kuri as Mu-kuri. Previously, it was assumed that the text was written 100 years after the collapse of Koguri and that Kuri in the text meant Palhae. However, the author suggested that 『Fanyu zaming 梵語雜名』 was actually based on the original text of 『Tang fan liang yu shuangdui ji 唐梵兩語雙對集』 written much before the establishment of the Tang(618). Hence, the wall painting in Li Xian’s Tomb must have drawn a Koguri envoy as they usually made tomb murals copied from a previous painting manual or based on the previous perception about a subject. 4. Four kinds of artifacts from the Tang dynasty were examined. 1) A silver bowl with the seven country names such as ① Konrun kingdom 崑崙王國 ② Paramun kingdom 婆羅門國 ③ Tobon kingdom 土蕃國 ④ Soruk kingdom 疏勒國 ⑤ Kori kingdom 高麗國 ⑥ Paekchok □kingdom 白拓□國 ⑦ Oman people 烏蠻人Five human figures in the fifth country called Kuri wear a rooster feathered hat. It is a scene of the distribution of a relic of the Buddha that eight countries including the Tang and the seven countries shared a sarira. 2) A sarira case with the illustration of Buddhist stories. It includes ‘the scene of carrying a funeral bier,‘ ’the scene of gathering of people riding an elephant and a horse,‘ ’ the scene of atlas figures moving a rock and taking out a jar,‘ and ’the scene of sharing a sarira.‘ In the last scene, there were two Koguri envoys with a rooster feathered hat. 3) A painting on a curtain to cover a sarira case placed in the underground chamber of a sarira pagoda. In the painting of ‘sharing a sarira,’ the figure on the right put his hands together as wearing a rooster feathered hat. 4) A sarira case with the title of ‘the kings from the eight countries including Emperor Qianyuan Xiaoyi 乾元孝義皇帝八國王等’ and with the depiction of eight country kings. Among them, there are a Koguri king and two vassals wearing a rooster feathered hat. The above mentioned artifacts deal with the Buddha’s relic. They showed the Tang-centered perspective. At the time of the death of the historical Buddha, eight countries divided the Buddha’s sarira and built a stupa. The Tang dynasty changed the story of sharing sarira with the Tang in the center and 7 neighboring countries. The Kuri was always included among the seven countries and it had not been changed even after the surrender of Kuri to the Tang. In those artifacts, only evidence to recognize a Koguri person is a rooster feathered hat. 5. Koguri cholpung 折風 hairdress is found in the poem written by the famous Tang poet, Li Bai 李白(701~762) about dancing of Kori music 高麗樂. The fact that Li Bai, born 33 years later than the surrender of Koguri, composed this poem shows us that Koguri dance had been still performed in the Tang royal court and the performer of the dance must have worn cholpung decorated with rooster feathers. 6. A rooster feathered hat of Koguri in the wall paintings of Dunhuang. (1) Early Tang (初唐, 618～712) : 3 caves(2) High Tang (盛唐, 713～755) : 3 caves(3) Mid Tang (中唐, 756～824) : 3 caves(4) Tibet (吐蕃) rule (781~848) : 9 caves(5) Late Tang (晚唐, 825～907) : 4 caves(6) Jinshan kingdom (金山国, 張議潮歸義軍, 851~1036) : 10 caves(7) Song (宋. 960～1036) : 1 cave(8) Xi Xia (西夏, 1032~1225) : 1 caveOnly nine caves are from the Tang period while 25 cave murals are from other countries such as Tibet. It corresponds to the record that in 『Biographies of the Eminent Monks [who Traveled to the] Western Regions in Search of the Law大唐求法高僧傳』, Yijing 義淨 said that ‘in the West, Kuri is called Kukkutesvara. Besides Cave No. 220, all murals were dated after the surrender of Koguri to the Tang. The reputation and the image of Koguri must have been persisted in the mind of local people and artisans. 7. The Afrasiab palace paintings contain a painting of foreign envoys on the west wall including Koguri wearing a rooster feathered hat. The identification of the envoy has been on debate whether it was from Silla or Koguri. The author defined them as Koguri personage for the following points. 1) The name of ‘Varxuman’ on the palace wall written in the Sogdian language is the same as fuhuman 拂呼縵 who was appointed as the Protectorate of Kangju 康居都督 in the yonghui 永徽 reign period of the Tang. Therefore, the painting was done with the direct observation of the Koguri envoy. 2) The Koguri person in the Painting of the Portraits of Periodical Offering of Liang and in the Dunhuang murals might have drawn a civil officer of Koguri. On the other hand, the Afrasiab figure wearing a long sword with a circular ring must have been a military officer. Their hairdress, cholpung, and clothing resemble to those of the Twin Pillars Tomb and the Niche Spirit Tomb while the long sword with a circular ring is the same as the one of a military guard of the Niche Spirit Tomb. 8. The above mentioned examples all show Koguri people wearing a rooster feathered hat 鷄羽冠. Without this kind of hairdress, one could not have recognized Koguri personage, and thus it was the most distinct characteristics of Koguri people. Through this famously fixed image of Koguri people, we can confirm the wide range of international activities of Koguri from China, Central Asia, and Japan, and the continuation of the reputation of Koguri even long after the collapse of the country in 668.