아프라시압 宮殿址 壁畵의 ‘鳥羽冠使節’에 관한 고찰― 高句麗에서 사마르칸드(康國)까지의 路線에 대하여 ―

Abstract

This is a study of the routes that the Missionaries with Feather Hat Decoration(鳥羽冠使節) of the Koguryǒ(高句麗) had taken to the west, on quarter 3 in c. AD 7th century, from the mural drawn on The Wall Painting in the Site of Afrasiab Palace built by Varhuan(拂呼縵), the king of Samarkand(康國) in Sogdiana. Since the emperor Tai-zong(太宗) of T’ang(唐) had taken the power, Koguryǒ and T’ang had fallen in the archrival relationship. For the following 24 years, the two countries had been in the uncomfortable and enmatic war situation from July in AD　644 to September AD 668 when Koguryǒ was defeated by the Allied Forces of Silla(新羅) and T’ang. Therefore, it is believed for the Missionaries with Feather Hat Decoration in the middle of 7th century to have proceeded to Samarkand via the inland of China. Therefore the only way the missionaries could choose to get to Samarkand must have been the Steppe Route having taken detours around Mongolia. It seems there had not been any tremendous hurdles for the missionaries with feather hat decoration to reach Mongolia through Steppe Route. Even though, T‘ang had imposed ‘Loose-rein control(羇縻支配)’ over Tiele Tribes(鐵勒諸部) in Mongolia, it might not have been able to have the tight and practical control over the neighboring countries and regions. Also at that time Koguryo was believed to have quite a few chances between 5th to 6th centuries of having dispatched and negotiated with Joujan(柔然) and T'uchueh(突厥) Khante. If, around the mid-7th century, the Missionaries had wanted to get to Samarkand from Koguryo at that time, they might as well have taken routes departing from Pyeongyang(平壤), the capital of Koguryo; arriving to Otukan-yis(鬱督軍山), the upper part of Selenge River. Of course, it is believed that there might have been 3 routes like the following for the best strategic options. Firstly, route 1 from Koguryǒ to Shiwei(室韋) : This way might have been led from Pyeongyang to Songhua River(北流松花江), to Nen River(嫩江), to Dongwuzhumuqin of Inner Mongolia(內蒙古 東烏珠穆沁旗), to the north southern area of Reublic of Mongolia, and reached the upper part of Orkhon River. Secondly, another route, route 2, from Koguryo to Mohe(靺鞨): This one is believed to have been led from Pyeongyang to Kuknaeseong(國內城) in Jian(集安), to mid parts of Yitong R. in Jilin Province(吉林省 伊通河), to Keerqinyouyiqian-Qi(科爾沁右翼前旗), to Eastern Wuzhumuqin-Qi(東烏珠穆沁旗) in Inner Mongolia, and to the upper district of Orkhon R. Lastly, the other route, route 3, from Koguryo to Ch'itan(契丹) : This course would have been led from Pyeongyang to Kuknaeseong, to Eastern Liaoe R.(東遼河), to northern part of Siramuren R.(西剌木倫河), to Eastern and Western Wuzhumuqin-Qi(東ㆍ西烏珠穆沁旗東烏珠穆沁旗) in Inner Mongolia, to the upper stream of Orkhon R. This route, however, is believed relatively shorter than route 2. But with the variants of the interntional situation and political strategy of Ch'itan, it is hard to be believed that this route was stable. Probably the biggest problem of the route from the upper part of Orkhon R. to Samarkand in Sogdiana might have been the overpassing Mts. Altai. But they were not those kinds of difficulties that could not be overcome, quite a few tribes and groups had made small residential places and led their lives over the mountains. For example, Western Hsiung-nu(西匈奴) in BC 1C, Northern Hsiung-nu(北匈奴) in AD 1C, Gaoche(高車) in the late AD 5C, and Tuchuen in the middle of AD 6C were such tribes and groups with power and hegemony. Besides, there were a few spear-heads that passed over the mountains in groups such as Syr-Tardouch(薛延陀) and Uigur(回紇). Also there was a group of Sogdian traders who climbed over the mountains from the West to the East. So, from the late AD 1C they were scattered and got engaged in the commercial trade around those mountain area. Therefore, the Missionaries with Feather Hat Decoration, after they had arrived at the upper region of Orkhon R, might have been ushered to Samarkand in Sogdiana by the Sogdians who were politically and economically thriving and politically prospering at least from the late AD 1C in that area. In conclusion, it could be estimated that the routes from the upper part of Orkhon R. to Samarkkand: the area of Orkhon R. to the upper of Selenge R, to the north of Khangai Mts.(杭愛山脈), to Altai Mts., to Dzungaria, to Dzimsa in Jimusar Xinjiang Province(新疆 吉木薩爾), to the valley of Illi R., to Zhetysu(Semyrechie, 七河地方) area, to the lower part of Issyk-Kul(熱海) or Chu R(楚河, 碎葉水), to Talas, to Tashkent(石國), and to Syr-Darya, to Samarkand(康國).