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러시아의 국가주의와 대외정책

Russia’s Statism and Foreign Policy

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초록

러시아의 국가주의적 성격은 2000년대 푸틴의 등장과 함께 지속적으로 강화되고 있다. 국가권력의 확대, 민족주의의 고조, 군사력 증강을 특징으로 하는 러시아의 국가주의는 개인적 특성을 강조하는 푸틴주의와는 차별되는 개념이다. 국가주의의 등장은 무엇보다 서방과의 화해시도가 좌절되면서 강화되었다는 점이 중요하다. 서방의 국내정세 개입은 지속적인 중앙권력의 강화로 나타났고 이런 과정에서 푸틴은 자신을 ‘러시아 가치’의 파수꾼으로 인식하면서 자신을 짜르와 동일시하는 경향을 보여주고 있다. 이와 같이 강력한 지도자로서의 자리매김은 전통적으로 강한 지도자에 대한 요구가 높은 러시아국민들의 지지를 얻는 방편이 되기도 하였다. 국가주의는 대외정책에 있어서는 필연적으로 ‘반서방주의’로 나타났다. 또한 서방을 대신해서 ‘아시아 중시정책’을 전개하여 국가발전의 돌파구로 삼고자 하였다. 또한 과거 친서방 정책으로 인해 잃어버렸던 유라시아지역, 특히 중앙아시아에 대한 영향력 회복 및 확대 모색으로 나타나고 있다. 즉 국가주의는 공세적 외교정책의 원인이 된 것이다.

Abstract

Russia’s statism has been strengthened with the emergence of Putin in the 2000s. It is characterized by the expansion of state power, the rise of nationalism, and the strengthening of military power. It is different from Putinism, which emphasizes individual characteristics. It is important to note that the rise of statism has been reinforced by the frustration of reconciliation with the West. Political intervention by the West has reinforced Russia’s central power, and in this process, Putin tends to identify himself with the tsar, recognizing himself as a watchman of “Russian values.” This tendency served him to gain support from the Russian people, who are in high demand for strong leaders. Statism has inevitably given rise to anti-Westernism in Russian foreign policy. In addition, on behalf of the West, Russia emphasized Asia as a gateway for national development. It also seeks to recover and expand its influence in the Eurasian region, particularly Central Asia, which has been lost due to pro-Western policy. In other words, statism became the cause of Russia’s assertive foreign policy.

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