‘영국적 맥락’에서 브렉시트 현실화에 대한 재고찰
Re-examination of Causes for the realisation of Brexit in the British Context
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영국이 EU 탈퇴를 선택한 원인이 무엇인가에 대한 연구는 국내외를 막론하고 많이 이루어졌고, 어느 정도 공통적인, 일종의 암묵적으로 합의된 듯한 또는 기정사실화된 브렉시트 원인들이 있는 것처럼 간주되어 왔다. 그러나 본 연구는 브렉시트의 원인으로 제시되는 다양한 요소들 – 예를 들어, 이민, EU 규제, 분담금 등 – 이 상당히 근소한 차이로 영국의 EU 탈퇴가 결정되었음을 설명하는데 한계가 있음을 밝히고 있다. 이와 더불어 브렉시트의 원인을 이해하기 위한 보다 핵심적인 사안은 국민투표를 위한 캠페인보다 교육 수준, 소득과 사회등급 등의 사회적 배경, 이와 연계된 세대 및 지역별 다른 인식과 이에 따른 분열이며, 이러한 분열은 국민투표 이전부터 영국 사회에 잠재되어 있었다는 점을 주장한다. 본 논문에서 논의한 브렉시트를 둘러싼 영국 사회의 분열을 설명하는 다양한 요소들은 각각 개별적인 것이 아니다. 이들은 서로 촘촘하게 얽혀 있으면서 분열을 더욱 고착화시키고 있다. 이러한 분열이 결국 2016년 국민투표에서 EU 잔류 혹은 탈퇴 선택의 기준이었다. 영국이 EU에 회원국으로 소속되어 있으면서 어떤 장단점, 혹은 이익과 불이익이 있는지를 가리는 것이 아니라 투표권자 개인이 영국 사회에서 어느 세대, 어느 사회등급, 어느 지역에 속하고, 어떠한 정치적 정체성을 가졌는지가 선택의 기준이 되었다는 의미이다.
Abstract
A number of research has been conducted to explore the reasons for the UK’s withdrawal from the EU; and it has been regarded that there are, to some extent, common causes for Brexit which are implicitly agreed or fait accompli. This research, however, examines that various factors generally suggested as causes for the realisation of Brexit such as immigration, EU regulations, UK’s EU rebate, etc. have limitation in explaining the decision of Brexit by a narrow margin in the 2016 referendum. In addition, this research argues that the level of education, social background including income and social grade, different recognition by generation and regions and eventually division are the essential factors for a better understanding of causes for Brexit. It is also emphasised that the division has lurked in the British society before the 2016 referendum. These various factors regarding Brexit which explain the division are not separate; rather, these factors which are closely intertwined solidify this division. Conclusively, this division embedded in the British society is a criterion for voting ‘leave’ or ‘remain’ in the referendum. It means that voter made their decision based on their ages, social grade, regions and political identity rather than merits and demerits, or advantages and disadvantages from the UK’s membership of the EU.
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