유럽연합과 영국 노동자계급 그리고 브렉시트
European Union, British Working Class and Brexit
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2016년 6월 브렉시트 투표 결과 유권자들은 브렉시트를 선택했다. 브렉시트 지지는 영국 사회 내에서 이민자 반대와 인종주의에 대한 논의를 확산시켰다. 노동자계급 내에서 반이민 정서의 확대 및 인종주의적 편견이 확산되고 있음을 부정할 수 없다. 선행연구에서는 브렉시트를 지지한 계층이 ‘세계화에 뒤쳐진 자들’(Left Behind)로 묘사되었으며 이들이 반이민 정서를 공유하고 극우파의 인종주의적 선동에 호응하는 집단이라고 주장한다. 본 연구는 영국에서의 인종주의 및 반이민정서의 확산이 영국 내의 문제만이 아니라 유럽 전역에서 벌어지는 현상에 영국적 특수성을 반영한 것으로 본다. 유럽연합은 1980년 영국 수상 대처가 도입한 통화주의적 원리를 경제공동체 일반의 운영원리로 수용하였다. 또한 유럽연합은 나토체제와 결합되어 유럽에서의 난민위기를 유발했으며, 불평등 심화와 이민자 증대 그리고 난민위기가 발생하면서 회원국 내에서 유럽연합을 반대하는 정서가 고조되었다. 1980년대 이후 영국은 금융산업 중심의 경제성장을 추진하면서 전통적인 제조업을 약화시켰다. 특히 제조업이 집결되어 있던 잉글랜드 중북부 지역의 산업 붕괴는 이들 지역의 실업률을 높이고 고용률을 낮췄다. 실업급여, 복지급여에 대한 노동자계급의 의존이 확대되었고, 북부지역의 모든 사회적 지표는 남부와 큰 격차를 보이게 되었다. 그 결과 잉글랜드 남북간 지역 격차는 유럽에서 가장 큰 것으로 나타난다. 2008년 이후 금융위기를 극복하는 과정에서 영국 정부는 금융산업을 구제하기 위한 천문학적인 재정을 투입한 반면 긴축재정과 복지축소로 전통적인 노동자계급 공동체를 더 약화시켰다. 이는 긴축재정을 규정한 유럽연합의 안정성장협약 (Stability and Growth Pact)에 따른 조치이기도 했다. 이 과정에서 반이민 정책을 선동하는 극우파의 약진이 두드러졌다. 본 논문은 영국 노동자계급이 브렉시트를 지지한 이유가 이와 같은 복합적인 힘들이 작용한 결과이며 이와 같은 제도와 질서가 유지된다면 유럽연합 전체에서 탈퇴 지지는 더욱 확산될 것이라고 주장한다.
Abstract
As a result of the referendum in June 2016, UK voters chose to leave the EU. Support for Brexit stimulated discussion on anti-immigration and racism, and among the working-class Brexit supporters, anti-immigration and racist sentiments have been widely disseminated. In previous studies, Brexit advocates have been portrayed as 'left behind', a group which shares anti-immigration agenda and responds to ultranationalists’ racist incitement. This study aims to explain that the wave of anti-immigration and racist feeling in the UK reflects the British specificity of the phenomenon that takes place not only in the UK but throughout Europe. The European Union/The EU adopted ‘Monetarism’ introduced by then-UK Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher in 1980 as the main operating principle of the economic union. Moreover, the European Union, combined with the NATO system, triggered Europe’s refugee crisis, and the opposition to the EU was intensified due to deepening inequality, the growing number of immigrants and the refugee crisis. Since the 1980s, the UK has weakened traditional manufacturing industries by promoting economic growth centered on the financial industry. In particular, the industrial collapse in the central North England, where manufacturing was concentrated, increased the unemployment rate and lowered the employment rate in the region. As the result, the working class became more reliant on unemployment benefits and welfare benefits, and all of the social indicators have shown a substantial gap between the North and the South. In the process of overcoming the financial crisis in 2008, the UK government invested astronomical finances to save the financial industry, while implementing austerity measures and reducing the welfare benefits, which further weakened the traditional working class. This was also a measure taken in accordance with the EU’s Stability and Growth Pact which highlighted the significance of fiscal austerity. This process enabled European ultranationalists who incited anti- immigration policy to gain popularity. This paper argues that the British working class supported Brexit as a result of such complex forces and that if such an institution and system were maintained support for Brexit would spread throughout the European Union.
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