강제이주와 귀환을 통한 경계 정체성의 형성: 고려인과 볼가 독일인의 비교사적 고찰

Abstract

This study comparatively analyzes the historical context prior to migration, the implementation of forced migration, and the post-return reconstruction of boundary identities in the cases of the Koryo-saram (ethnic Koreans) and the Volga Germans, both of whom were subjected to forced relocation under Stalin. Focusing on the interplay among state violence, ethnic categorization, spatial displacement, and cultural reterritorialization, the study demonstrates that these migration experiences constitute not merely physical movements but processes of reconfiguring political, social, and cultural boundaries. The comparative findings reveal that while both groups experienced institutional exclusion and social stigmatization, they differed markedly in the institutional conditions of return and patterns of integration. The Volga Germans obtained legal citizenship and settlement support relatively quickly under the Bundesvertriebenengesetz and Spätaussiedler schemes, yet faced substantial barriers to full integration due to language limitations, cultural differences, and labor market discrimination. In contrast, the Koryo-saram returned under more restrictive residency policies, resulting in insecure housing and long-term social marginalization. Post-return cultural, religious, and intergenerational dynamics functioned as key mechanisms for the reproduction of boundary identities. This study interprets the formation of boundary identities through forced migration and return within three analytical dimensions—political institutions, socio-cultural conditions, and intergenerational dynamics—and offers implications for contemporary refugee and migration policy.