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가사노동 논쟁의 재발견: 마르크스의 경제학 비판과 페미니즘의 결합 발전을 위하여

Revisiting the Domestic Labor Debate: Towards a Combined Development of the Marxian Critique of Political Economy and Feminism

정성진
사회과학연구원 (Research Institute of Social Science)|2013.02|마르크스주의 연구 (MARXISM 21)|제10권 제1호|pp. 12-48|DOI 10.26587/marx.10.1.201302.001

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참고문헌

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가사노동Reproduction자본주의마르크스주의MarxismFeminismCapitalism가치론Marx재생산가부장제Patriarchy여성해방마르크스Capital페미니즘.Dual System생산노동자본론Domestic Labor이중체계론Labor Theory of Value마르크스의 경제학 비판Marxian Critique of Political EconomyProductive LaborWomen’s Liberation.
주제분류사회과학일반

초록

1970년대 초 서구 마르크스주의와 여성해방운동 진영에서 전개된 가사노동 논쟁은 마르크스의 경제학 비판 발전이라는 측면에서, 또 반자본주의 혁명운동 전략의모색이라는 측면에서 매우 중요한 논쟁이었다. 그럼에도 불구하고 가사노동 논쟁은서구에서도 우리나라에서도 ‘잊혀진 논쟁’으로 되었고, 간혹 언급되는 경우에도1980년대 사회구성체 논쟁처럼 이제는 이론적으로도 정치적으로도 현실 적합성을상실한 지나간 에피소드 정도로 치부되었다. 이 글은 1970년대 서구 마르크스주의의 가사노동 논쟁을 비판적으로 검토하고, 이를 통해 오늘날 좌파 연합 정치의 구현에서 필수적인 마르크스주의적 반자본주의 정치와 페미니즘의 연대를 위한 이론적지반을 탐색하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 먼저 1970년대 가사노동 논쟁이 공유했던 ‘무급 가사노동 착취 →자본의 잉여가치 증대’ 명제와 이중체계론은 자본주의 발전의모순적 동학의 일면적 반영일 뿐이며 마르크스가치론으로 논증될 수 없음을 보인다. 하지만 이와 같은 가사노동 논쟁의 이론적 난점이, 그 후 페미니즘의 궤적에서보듯이, 마르크스주의와의 분리로 귀결될 필연은 없었으며, 오히려 ‘19세기 페미니스트’였던 마르크스의 경제학 비판에 기초하여 정정될 수 있다고 주장된다.

Abstract

The debate on the nature of domestic labor within Western Marxism and feminism in the 1970s was very important from the perspective of the development of the Marxian critique of political economy, as well as for the programmes of anti-capitalist revolutionary movements. However, the implications of the debate have yet to be examined. Indeed, even by many progressives the domestic labor debate has been treated like a ‘lost debate’, and dismissed as an episode passé no longer having any theoretical or political relevance. This paper explores a common theoretical ground for left coalition politics of Marxist anti-capitalism and feminism through a critical evaluation of this debate. This paper shows that Marxian labor theory of value cannot provide a framework for the thesis of ‘exploitation of unpaid domestic labor → increase of profits’, based on the dual systems of capitalism and patriarchy and shared by most debate participants. This thesis is nothing else than the partial reflection of the contradictory dynamics of capitalist development. However, this paper also argues that the failure of the domestic labor debate and resultant ‘divorce’ of Marxism and feminism could have been avoided if they had been properly situated within the Marxian critique of political economy.

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