라클라우와 무페의 포퓰리즘론 비판
A Critique of Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe’s Theories of Populism
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포스트마르크스주의 제창자들이 행한다고 믿은 바와 실제로 행한 바 사이의 심연은 깊다. 라클라우의 담론적․형식주의적 포퓰리즘론과 무페의 좌파 포퓰리즘 전략은 연속혁명의 무기는커녕 국면 전환을 위한 전술로도 쓰이기 어렵다. 포퓰리즘적 이성의 논리를 떠받치는 담론적 장치들은 모든 것을 말하지만 실상 아무것도 말하지 못한다. 정치적 접합의 선험적 구조에 관한 극도로 형식주의적인 이론화, 윤리·정치적 지향의 모호성과 반본질주의 주체화 전략의 공허한 귀결, 무역사적이고 무규정적인 헤게모니 개념의 보수적 함의, 변형(veränderung) 그 자체와 리더십의 안이하고도 위험한 동일시, 정치주의와 현실정치(realpolitik) 독트린의 잦은 혼동은 포퓰리즘적 이성의 논리에 내재하는 이론적 한계뿐만 아니라 정치 전략으로서의 약점도 명확히 알려 준다. 저 이성의 한복판에는 자유민주주의를 넘어설 민주주의 투쟁과 실험을 방해하는 요소가 내재한다. 포퓰리즘은 제2, 제3의 제헌 행동, 민중의 ‘다중’으로의 진화를 가로막는 억제제로 작용하고 있다. 따라서 (신)자유주의와 마찬가지로 포퓰리즘은 수용이 아니라 극복의 대상일 뿐이다.
Abstract
There is yawning abyss between the performance that proponents of post-marxism have really achieved and their adamant belief of it. Lacalu’s discursive-formalistic theorization of populism and Mouffe’s left populist strategy cannot be employed as a tentative tactics, let alone the weapon of permanent revolution for liberation. Discursive devices holding up the Populist Reason say everything, but in fact they cannot say anything. Extremely formalistic theorization of structure of political articulation, ambiguity of ethical-political orientation and the futile consequence of anti-essentialist subjectivation strategy, ahistorical concept of hegemony and its conservative implication, frequent confusions between transformation as such and leadership reveal Populist Reason’s vanity as a liberating theory as well as its fatal weakness as a political strategy. Populism involves many elements which obstruct the democratic experiments aiming to go beyond the liberal democracy. By hindering the second, third constituent action, the logic of Populism functions as a restrainer that hampers evolution of the people into the multitude. Just as is liberalism, populism is the object, not of accommodation, but of overcoming.
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