미국의 대반란전(Counterinsurgency) 전략 전개와 한국 국방전략에의 함의
The Evolution of the U.S. Counterinsurgency Strategy and Its Implication for the ROK’s Defense Strategy
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이라크와 아프간 등지에서 미국 주도로 수행된 대테러전쟁 기간에 페트리어스 장군 등은 대반란전 전략(counterinsurgency strategy)을 개발, 적용하였다. 이 전략은 한반도 내에서의 안정화 작전을 염두에 두고 있는 한국군에게도 큰 영향을 주고 있는 듯 하다. 다만 이 전략은 9.11 테러 이후 미국이 직면하고 있는 중동 지역에서의 테러리즘 등 새로운 군사상의 위협에 대응하기 위한 의미를 지니고 있는 것이지, 그 자체가 한국군의 국방전략에 그대로 적용될 수는 없다. 본 고는 이러한 문제의식에서 냉전기 이후 미국 국방전략이 직면하는 위협에 따라 복수의 유형으로 분화되어 발전되어 왔으며, 대반란전 전략도 그러한 분화된 전략의 한 유형임을 제시하고자 하였다. 즉 냉전기 미국에는 소련의 핵위협에 대응하여 핵전력 강화로 대응하려 한 대량보복전략과 제3세계에서의 게릴라전쟁 양상에 대응하려 한 제한전쟁 전략이 병행하여 발전되었다. 또한 21세기 접어들어서는 우주자산 등을 결합한 네크워크 중심전 전략이 발전됨과 동시에 이라크 등지에서 직면하는 새로운 위협에 대해서는 대반란전 전략이 병행적으로 진전되고 있음을 소개하였다. 그런 측면에서 21세기 미국의 대반란전 전략은 냉전기 제한전쟁 전략을 계승하는 것으로 볼 수 있다. 한국도 국방전략을 책정함에 있어 미국의 전략을 직수입할 것이 아니라, 우리가 직면하고 있는 위협의 유형에 대응하여 맞춤형 전략을 복합적으로 강구할 필요가 있을 것이다.
Abstract
Facing the new security threat such as Taliban and Al Qaeda, General Petraeus and his colleagues devised new strategy called the Counterinsurgency strategy during the latter stage of the Iraqi and Afganistan war. With the initial success of this strategy, other countries including South Korea, tried to study and adopt it. However, each defense strategy of other countries has its own background. That is the reason why it would be hasty decision for South Korea to adopt it without any through consideration of its own security situation. The U.S. had evolved both the massive retaliation strategy and limited war strategy during the cold war era; the former was based on its superior nuclear capabilities against the U.S.S.R.’s nuclear threat; the latter was intended to deter the communist’s expansion into the third World area by intensifying regular armed forces as well as allies’ network. With the advent of new threat like terrorism, the U.S. government devised so-called network centric warfare(NCW) strategy as well as counterinsurgency (COIN)strategy. The one intended to counter decisive blow to the hub of terrorist’s network by combining the U.S. intelligence and strike capabilities together. The other, which was put forward by General Petraeus and his team, aimed to got people’s support in conducting military campaigns against terrorist groups by keeping close contact with the people there. It is no doubt that the U.S. succeeded in conducting anti-terror campaign by combining the NCW strategy and the COIN strategy in the arena of the Middle East. However, South Korea is confronting the regular armed forces equipped with nuclear capabilities. Seoul should devise its own defense strategy based on its own peculiar security situation.
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