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심의 민주주의와 비지배적 상호성

Deliberative Democracy and Reciprocal Nondomination

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주제분류정치외교학

초록

이 논문의 목적은 심의 민주주의의 조건이 심의 그 자체를 통해 형성될 수 있는 원칙으로 비지배적 상호성을 제시하는 것이다. 심의 민주주의가 민주주의의 핵심적인 주제로 다루어지고 있는 서구 학계와는 달리 한국 사회에서는 심의 민주주의에 대한 본격적인 논의가 좀처럼 진행되지 않고 있다. 심의 민주주의의 유용성과 한계에 대한 언급은 많지만, 심의 민주주의의 일반적 조건을 충족시키면서 동시에 적용 가능성을 높일 수 있는 원칙을 제시하려는 본격적인 시도는 아직 없다. 이러한 문제의식에서 필자는 세 가지 작업을 수행한다. 첫째, 심의 민주주의의 핵심 내용을 심의와 다원성을 중심으로 분석한 후, 기존의 심의 민주주의 이론에서 ‘심의를 가능하게 하는 조건을 심의를 통해 구성할 수 있는 원칙’에 대한 논의가 부족한 것을 보다 본질적인 문제점이라는 것을 지적한다. 둘째, 이러한 기존 이론의 문제점을 보완할 수 있는 이론으로 최근 주목을 받고 있는 신로마 공화주의(Neo-Roman Republicanism)의 ‘비지배(nondomination) 원칙’의 내용과 한계를 다원성의 파괴여부에 초점을 맞추어 검토한다. 끝으로 개인의 자율성과 시민적 덕성을 조화시키는 한편, 시민의 자발적인 정치참여와 갈등의 민주적 해결을 동시에 촉진시킬 수 있는 정치적·도덕적 판단의 근거이자 민주적 심의의 조정원칙(regulative principle)으로 비지배적 상호성을 제시한다.

Abstract

This paper seeks an alternative to the theories of deliberative democracy. The theorists of deliberative democracy tend to emphasize the positive aspect of public reasoning as a self-regulative practice, while they tend to neglect the negative aspect of public reasoning as an agonistic practice that escalates by degrees of ambition. Not every deliberation is likely to create a salutary reciprocity: constitutional consensuses within which public discussion is restricted are not enough to guard deliberation against self-destructive passions. Nor is the connection between power-lust and corruption sufficient to explain the destructive aspect of public deliberation. Being concerned with these problems, I will develop three arguments in this paper: 1) that the theories of deliberative democracy are insufficient in their application to the agonistic nature of politics in which mere reciprocity frequently fails to grasp what it has to say about the problem of domination; 2) that liberty as nondomination may provide us with the best possible theoretical framework in defense of deliberative democracy; 3) that reciprocal nondomination can be a regulative principle by which deliberative democracy can be complemented without losing its core values, such as mutual respect on the liberal side and interdependence among citizens on the republican side.

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