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좋은 민주주의의 조건들: 가치, 절차, 목적, 관계 그리고 능력

General Requirements of Good Democracy: Value, Procedure, Purpose, Relationship, and Efficacy

김비환
민주주의와 자치 연구소 (Inje Institute of Democracy and Autonomy)|2014.06|비교민주주의연구 (Comparative Democratic Studies)|제10권 제1호|pp. 33-63|DOI 10.34164/injede.2014.10.1.002

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참고문헌

키워드

지속가능성sustainabilityliberal democracy자유민주주의책임성accountability민주주의 질quality of democracy좋은 민주주의정부의 능력성찰적 균형good democracyefficacy of governmentreflective equilibrium

초록

최근에 민주주의 질 혹은 좋은 민주주의에 대한 학계의 관심이 고조된 배경에는 민주화의 제3물결을 통해 민주화된 국가들이 기대된 정치적 안정을 누리지 못한 채 민주주의와 권위주의 사이에서 갈팡질팡하고 있는 상황에 대한 우려 및 신자유주의의 흥기로 인해 표면화되고 있는 공고화된 민주주의들의 질적 퇴보현상에 대한 위기감이 자리 잡고 있다. 특히 좋은 민주주의에 관한 최근의 관심은 자유민주주의가 과연 최선의 민주주의 형태이며 그 보다 더 질적으로 좋은 민주주의는 없는지에 대한 질문을 포함하고 있다. 참여민주주의와 그 심의적 변용에 대한 관심, 자유주의적 법치헌정주의와 민중주의적 헌정주의의 구분과 비교 등은 모두가 다 좋은 민주주의를 모색하려는 노력의 일환으로 볼 수 있다. 이 글의 목적은 이와 같은 이론적 노력들을 이어받아 민주주의의 다양한 측면 혹은 차원들에 대한 철학적 분석을 통해 좋은 민주주의가 갖추어야 할 일반적인 특징들을 제시해보는 것이다. 그리하여 민주주의의 절차적 측면과 실질적 측면의 긴장적 상보성, 민주주의의 상대적 자율성과 다른 제도들과의 상보적 관계, 정부의 능력과 책임성의 연계성, 좋은 민주주의의 지속가능성, 그리고 다수 시민의 인식과 평가 및 덕스러운 민주시민의 존재 등을 좋은 민주주의의 일반적인 특징들로 제시한다. 이에 덧붙여 방법론적으로 좋은 민주주의의 일반적 특징들과 맥락적 특수성 사이의 정합성을 추구하는 성찰적균형(reflective equilibrium)이 필요함을 강조한다.

Abstract

Recently there has been heightened scholarly interest in the quality of democracy or good democracy, which reflects both the widespread concern about the political unstability of many newly democratized countries faltering between democracy and authoritarianism and the no less widespread sense of crisis among democratic scholars concerning the qualitative degeneration of consolidated democracies in the West. Especially the recent interest in good democracy contains a sharp awareness of the issues of whether liberal democracy is really a good one and whether or not there are better alternatives to liberal democracy. Recent elevated interests in participatory form of democracy and its deliberative versions, and the distinction and comparison between liberal constitutional democracy and populist constitutionalism can all be seen as part of the effort. The purpose of this article is to take over this theoretical effort to grope for good democracy and tries to investigate basic general requirements of good democracy, based on in-depth philosophical analysis of the various aspects or dimensions ofdemocracy. The followings are suggested as general requirementsof good democracy: the tensional but harmonious combination of intrinsic and instrumental values of democracy, the tensional but inter-supplementary relationship between procedural and substantive aspects democracy, the relative autonomy of democratic politics over other social and economic institutions of society and their inter-supplementary relationship with one another, the governmental efficacy and its relationship to democratic accountability, the sustainability of good democracy, and the good popular perception toward democracy and its performance, and the presence of high quality civic virtue. In addition, it is emphasized,in term of methodology, that reflective equilibrium is strongly required to narrow the gap between the general requirementsof democracy and particular contextual specificities.

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