장-자크 루소와 폴란드의 미래
Jean-Jacques Rousseau and the Future of Poland
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강대국 중심의 국제정치 현실에서 약소국은 어떻게 해야할 것인가? 지리적으로 강대국 사이에 위치한 약소국의 안보 전략에 대해서는 비슷한 처지에 놓인 국가를 중심으로 논의가 꾸준하게 있어 왔다. 장-자크 루소의 『폴란드 정부론』(1782)에 대한 지성사적인 독해로 본 논문이 목표하는 바는 두 가지다. 첫째, 위의 문제에 대한 루소의 통찰을 소개하는 것이다. 제1차 폴란드 분할을 배경으로 집필된 이 글에서 루소는 직관에 반하는 대안을 내놓았다. 루소는 부국강병 정책을 포기해야만 폴란드의 미래가 보장될 것이라 주장했다. 루소는 폴란드가 강대국이 되려고 노력할수록 러시아를 위시한 주변 강대국은 개입할 것이고, 자유도 억압될 것이라 생각했다. 둘째, 현실주의와 고립주의로 정리되는 루소의 국제정치 사상에 대한 역사적인 접근을 제안하는 것이다. 루소는 반전과 역설로 점철된 역사 속에서 자유의 가능성을 모색했다. 폴란드의 발전을 방해한 것으로 여겨진 내부 혼란과 외부 위협을 폴란드의 자유를 지켜준 핵심 요인으로 파악했던 것이다.
Abstract
How do small states survive in a states-system shaped and dominated by great powers? Much discussion has been had about the security strategy of small states, especially in those geographically situated between great powers. This paper has two goals as an intellectual history of Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s Considerations sur le gouvernement de Pologne (1782). The first is introducing the Genevan political thinker’s insights on the issue. In this last political work, written against the background of the First Polish Partition of 1772, Rousseau put forward a counterintuitive answer: to guarantee Poland’s future, a policy of ‘national wealth and power’ must be abandoned. The more Poland tries to become a great power, the more neighbouring great powers, including Russia, will intervene to stop it, and she will also lose her freedom in the process, reasoned Rousseau. The second is to propose a historical approach to Rousseau’s international thought, which has been characterised as a mixture of Realism and isolationism. He endeavoured to find the possibility of liberty in a history filled with ironies and paradoxes, identifying internal crises and external threats that had impeded Poland’s development as the critical factor in protecting her freedom.
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