말라위 탕가타(Thangata) 의미 변화와 토지권 체계의 연관성에 대한 고찰
The Semantic Change of Malawian Term ‘Thangata’, in the Context of Land Rights System.
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식민지 시대 당시 식민지 정부와 유럽 정착민은 아프리카의 자원을 착취했고, 이를 가능하게 했던 가장 중요한 요소가 아프리카인의 (강제)노동력이었다. 특히, 아프리카에 진출한 유럽 농업 정착민은 식민지 정부로부터 토지권을 획득했고, 그들의 사유지에 정착하고 있던 아프리카인을 노동자원으로 사용했다. 이러한 현상은 말라위에서도 찾아볼 수 있는데, 식민지 시대 당시 유럽 농업 정착민은 말라위인이 그들에게 제공하는 노동을 탕가타(Thangata)라고 불렀다. 하지만 식민지 시대 이전 말라위인에게 탕가타는 족장과 공동체 사이에서 발생하는 상호적 노동(reciprocal labour)을 의미했고 그 의미가 식민지 시대를 거치면서 ‘억압적 통제’와 ‘노예 제도’ 등으로 변모했다. 본 연구는 식민지 시대를 거치면서 말라위인에게 부정적인 의미로 변한 탕가타의 원인을 규명하는 데 있다. 본 연구 결과 탕가타의 의미 변화의 주원인은 식민지 시대를 거쳐 변화한 말라위의 토지권 체계라고 볼 수 있다. 식민지 시대 이전 말라위 토지는 개인이 아닌 공동체의 소유였다. 그리고 지역 족장은 공동체에 토지를 사용할 수 있는 사용권을 줄 수 있었다. 하지만 식민지 시대에 들어오면서 말라위의 전통적 토지권 체계가 ‘무시’되었다. 특히, 식민지 시대 당시 유럽 농업 정착민은 영국이 제공한 청구권 증명서를 통해 합법적으로 말라위인의 토지를 수탈하고 이를 사유지로 만들었다. 사유지에 살고 있던 말라위인은 ‘세입자’로 간주되었고 유럽 정착민은 그들을 족장을 대신하는 지주(landlord)로서 ‘세입자’에게 탕가타를 요구한 것이다. 탕가타의 의미 변화는 단순히 식민지 시대 영향으로 볼 수 없으며 식민지 시대 당시 말라위에 유입되고 적용된 서구의 ‘개인 토지권’ 때문에 일어났다. 최근 말라위는 새로운 토지법을 개정했고, 말라위인 개개인이 자신의 토지를 사유지로 등록할 수 있게 했다. 즉, 말라위 정부는 ‘개인 토지권’ 강화를 강조하고 있다. 하지만 사유지 등록 절차를 밟을 수 있는 말라위인은 대부분 부유한 사람들이다. 결국, 일반 말라위인이 부유한 말라위인의 세입자가 될 가능성이 크고, 이는 부정적인 탕가타의 의미가 지속할 수 있다는 것을 시사한다. 말라위 정부는 이렇게 불평등한 결과가 초래하지 않도록 더욱더 일반 말라위인의 토지권을 보호하는 체계 구축 방법을 마련해야 할 것이다.
Abstract
During the era of Colonialism, European governments and settlers exploited natural resources and labour in Africa. In particular, European agricultural settlers acquired land rights from colonial governments and used Africans on their property as labour. In the case of Malawi, European agricultural settlers called such labour ‘Thangata’. However, prior to the colonial period, Thangata meant reciprocal labour from community members to their chief. The semantic change of the word, now meaning ‘repressive control’ and ‘slavery system’ occurred during the colonial period. The objective of this research is to determine the main factor that changed the meaning of Thangata. This study finds that the meaning of Thangata is connected to the changes in the land rights systems during the colonial period. Traditionally, land belonged to Malawian communities, and a local chief could grant usufruct rights to community members. However, with the arrival of European settlers, such traditional land rights system was ‘ignored’. These new agricultural setters received official land rights from the colonial Secretary of State and eventually took over and privatized a vast amount of land. Malawians living on this newly titled private land were considered ‘tenants’ and European settlers demanded Thangata from them as their new landlords. Thus, the semantic change of Thangata was not simply due to ‘colonial influence’, but can be primarily attributed to the ‘land titling system’ imposed by the British. Recently, the Malawi government implemented a policy to strengthen land titling by enacting a new land law that allows individuals to register their land as private land. However, those who can register their land are mostly wealthy Malawians. The majority of poor Malawians -landless or unable to register their land- are likely to become ‘tenants’ of wealthy Malawians. Consequently, this could result in the reinforcement and continuation of the negative connotations of Thangata. In order to prevent such negative consequences, the government of Malawi should prioritize the protection of the poor Malawians’ land rights and prevent them from becoming weak tenants.
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